The continuous development of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies has expanded their applications to numerous fields, including entertainment, industrial training and professional simulation. VR offers a safer and more controlled environment, where user can perform complex tasks without the risk and constraints of the real world. However, locomotion in VR is usually limited to confined small spaces, forcing the user to move either with teleportation or with a controller-based navigation inside the Virtual World. This artificial methods create a sense of motion sickness, called VR sickness, which is caused by the sensory mismatching between visual and physical motion. One effective way to reduce VR sickness is through self-paced treadmills (SPTs), since the movement that is simulated in the VR is generated by a real movement of the user. Among the SPTs, active omnidirectional treadmills (ODTs), allow the user to move in any direction, while actively moving them toward a defined position. Nevertheless, these system can produce unnatural walking sensation, since the mechanical response of the treadmill differs from natural human locomotion. The main target of this study was to develop a novel control strategy for the Infinadeck active ODT, designed to provide a more natural and intuitive walking experience when combined with VR. The Infinadeck is considered one of the most advanced ODTs commercially available. After a modelling of the system through a characterisation, a Simulink model was developed concurrently with the real controller for a safer and precise tuning of the controller's parameters. The treadmill model implemented in Simulink was created based on a system characterization through an input-output response analysis. The controller combines a proportional-derivative feedback based on the user position and two feed-forward components: one based on an observer-estimated user relative velocity, and another driven by feet-movement. The feet-movement data also governs additional control logics for the treadmill motion, while the user’s orientation is incorporated into the control law to align treadmill motion with the walking direction. Lastly, an experimental evaluation was carried out with human participants, including both objective gait analysis and subjective assessments via questionnaires. The results indicate that the proposed control strategy enhances walking naturalness and better synchronizes physical and virtual movement compared to the treadmill’s native controller.
Lo sviluppo continuo delle tecnologie di Realtà Virtuale (VR) ha ampliato le loro applicazioni in numerosi settori, tra cui intrattenimento, formazione industriale e simulazione professionale. La VR offre un ambiente più sicuro e controllato, nel quale l’utente può svolgere compiti complessi senza i rischi e le limitazioni del mondo reale. Tuttavia, la locomozione in VR è solitamente limitata a spazi fisici ridotti, costringendo l’utente a muoversi tramite teletrasporto o con sistemi di navigazione basati su controller all’interno dell’ambiente virtuale. Questi metodi artificiali possono generare una sensazione di disagio chiamata VR sickness, causata dal disallineamento tra il movimento visivo percepito e quello fisico reale. Un modo efficace per ridurre la VR sickness è l’utilizzo di tapis roulant o treadmill auto-adattativi (Self-Paced Treadmills, SPT), poiché il movimento simulato nella VR deriva dal reale movimento dell’utente. Tra gli SPT, i treadmill omnidirezionali (Omnidirectional Treadmills, ODTs) attivi permettono all’utente di muoversi in qualsiasi direzione mentre lo riportano attivamente verso una posizione centrale. Tuttavia, questi sistemi possono generare una sensazione di camminata innaturale, poiché la risposta meccanica del treadmill differisce dalla locomozione umana naturale. L’obiettivo principale di questo studio è stato lo sviluppo di una nuova strategia di controllo per il treadmill omnidirezionale attivo Infinadeck, progettata per offrire un’esperienza di camminata più naturale e intuitiva in combinazione con la VR. L’Infinadeck è considerato uno dei treadmill omnidirezionali più avanzati disponibili in commercio. Dopo una fase di modellizzazione e caratterizzazione del sistema, è stato sviluppato un modello Simulink parallelamente al controllo reale, per consentire una taratura più sicura e precisa dei parametri. Il modello del treadmill implementato in Simulink è stato ottenuto mediante un’analisi di risposta input–output. Il controller sviluppato combina un feedback proporzionale-derivativo basato sulla posizione dell’utente con due componenti feed-forward: una basata su una stima osservata della velocità relativa dell’utente, e una derivata dal movimento dei piedi. I dati relativi ai movimenti dei piedi sono stati inoltre utilizzati per introdurre ulteriori logiche di controllo del movimento, mentre l’orientamento corporeo dell’utente è stato integrato nella legge di controllo per allineare il movimento del treadmill alla direzione di camminata. Infine, è stata condotta una valutazione sperimentale con partecipanti umani, comprendente sia un’analisi oggettiva dei parametri del passo, sia valutazioni soggettive tramite questionari. I risultati indicano che la strategia di controllo proposta migliora la naturalezza del passo e sincronizza in modo più efficace il movimento fisico e quello virtuale rispetto al controller nativo del treadmill.
Development and experimental evaluation of user-oriented control strategies for an omnidirectional treadmill
ASPERTI, GIACOMO
2024/2025
Abstract
The continuous development of Virtual Reality (VR) technologies has expanded their applications to numerous fields, including entertainment, industrial training and professional simulation. VR offers a safer and more controlled environment, where user can perform complex tasks without the risk and constraints of the real world. However, locomotion in VR is usually limited to confined small spaces, forcing the user to move either with teleportation or with a controller-based navigation inside the Virtual World. This artificial methods create a sense of motion sickness, called VR sickness, which is caused by the sensory mismatching between visual and physical motion. One effective way to reduce VR sickness is through self-paced treadmills (SPTs), since the movement that is simulated in the VR is generated by a real movement of the user. Among the SPTs, active omnidirectional treadmills (ODTs), allow the user to move in any direction, while actively moving them toward a defined position. Nevertheless, these system can produce unnatural walking sensation, since the mechanical response of the treadmill differs from natural human locomotion. The main target of this study was to develop a novel control strategy for the Infinadeck active ODT, designed to provide a more natural and intuitive walking experience when combined with VR. The Infinadeck is considered one of the most advanced ODTs commercially available. After a modelling of the system through a characterisation, a Simulink model was developed concurrently with the real controller for a safer and precise tuning of the controller's parameters. The treadmill model implemented in Simulink was created based on a system characterization through an input-output response analysis. The controller combines a proportional-derivative feedback based on the user position and two feed-forward components: one based on an observer-estimated user relative velocity, and another driven by feet-movement. The feet-movement data also governs additional control logics for the treadmill motion, while the user’s orientation is incorporated into the control law to align treadmill motion with the walking direction. Lastly, an experimental evaluation was carried out with human participants, including both objective gait analysis and subjective assessments via questionnaires. The results indicate that the proposed control strategy enhances walking naturalness and better synchronizes physical and virtual movement compared to the treadmill’s native controller.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Asperti_Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246549