Background. The present work addresses the sustainability challenges associated with the growing diffusion of robotic surgery within public healthcare systems. It evaluates the potential introduction of two emerging robotic platforms — Versius ® (CMR Surgical) and Hugo™ RAS (Medtronic) — at ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, by comparing them with the reference standard Da Vinci Xi ® (Intuitive Surgical). The objective is to identify the most sustainable, feasible, and context-appropriate solution through an integrated Health Technology Assessment encompassing environmental, economic, and organizational dimensions. Methods. A systematic literature has been conducted to review the state of the art of Da Vinci Xi, Versius and Hugo RAS. The three systems were then assessed through a Hospital-Based HTA designed to support procurement decision-making, using a multi-method design: (i) procedure-level modelling of energy consumption, carbon footprint, and waste generated by each robot, complemented by staff questionnaires exploring awareness and practices related to environmental sustainability; (ii) micro-costing and break-even analyses of urologic procedures (radical prostatectomy, partial nephrectomy); and (iii) organizational analysis of room fit/mobility, setup/draping and docking times, training ecosystems, learning curves, and staff perceptions collected via structured questionnaires. Findings were triangulated across domains to ensure internal consistency and decision relevance. Results. Findings showed that the largest contributing factors to the environmental impact of robotic surgery are the disposable materials and the dedicated robotic instruments, while energy consumption is a secondary but measurable source of intraoperative emissions. The responses from the questionnaire indicated limited awareness among staff regarding sustainability related concerns, as well as numerous examples of unnecessary waste in the composition of surgical kits. The overall cost of each robotic platform per case is generally comparable, although Hugo RAS showed slightly lower overall costs, whereas Versius had the greatest cost associated with operative time. The financial sustainability is primarily driven by both the volume of cases performed annually, and the strategies employed to purchase and maintain the robotic equipment, rather than the robotic technology itself. From an organizational standpoint, findings highlighted improved room adaptability and portability of modular systems, however, they require increased coordination and training among team members to achieve optimal workflow efficiency during the initial stages of the integration process. Conclusions. The emergence of new robotic platforms has generated greater competition in the field of surgical robotics. Modular systems such as Hugo RAS and Versius have fostered a more competitive environment through technological improvements, which will promote further innovation and broader clinical applications. Ensuring long-term value will require coherent policies, data-informed governance, and continued multicentre research supported by direct in- hospital measurement and monitoring, to strengthen real-world evidence on the economic, environmental, and organizational performance of robotic surgery.
Background. Questo studio affronta le sfide di sostenibilità associate alla crescente diffusione della chirurgia robotica nei sistemi sanitari pubblici. Valuta l’introduzione potenziale di due piattaforme robotiche emergenti — Versius ® (CMR Surgical) e Hugo™ RAS (Medtronic) — presso l'ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, confrontandole con lo standard di riferimento Da Vinci Xi ® (Intuitive Surgical). L'obiettivo è identificare la soluzione più sostenibile, fattibile e adatta al contesto locale attraverso una valutazione integrata delle tecnologie sanitarie che comprenda le dimensioni ambientali, economiche e organizzative. Metodi. È stata condotta una revisione sistematica della letteratura per esaminare lo stato dell'arte dei sistemi Da Vinci Xi, Versius e Hugo RAS. I tre sistemi sono stati poi valutati attraverso un Hospital-Based Health Technology Assessment progettato a supporto del processo decisionale in materia di appalti, utilizzando un approccio multimodale: (i) modellizzazione del consumo energetico, dell'impronta di carbonio e dei rifiuti generati da ciascun robot, integrata da questionari rivolti al personale per esplorare la consapevolezza e le pratiche relative alla sostenibilità ambientale; (ii) analisi dei micro-costi e del break-even point delle procedure urologiche (ad esempio, prostatectomia radicale, nefrectomia parziale); e (iii) analisi organizzativa dell'adeguatezza/mobilità delle sale, dei tempi di allestimento/copertura e aggancio, degli ecosistemi di formazione, delle curve di apprendimento e delle percezioni del personale, raccolte tramite questionari strutturati. I risultati sono stati triangolati tra i diversi ambiti per garantire la coerenza interna e la rilevanza decisionale. Risultati. L’analisi condotta ha evidenziato che i fattori che contribuiscono maggiormente all'impatto ambientale della chirurgia robotica sono i materiali monouso e la strumentazione robotica dedicata, mentre il consumo energetico è una fonte secondaria ma misurabile di emissioni intraoperatorie. Le risposte al questionario hanno indicato una consapevolezza limitata tra il personale riguardo ai temi della sostenibilità, nonché la presenza di diversi esempi di spreco nella composizione dei kit chirurgici. Il costo complessivo di ciascuna piattaforma robotica per caso è generalmente comparabile, anche se Hugo RAS presenta costi complessivi leggermente inferiori, mentre Versius ha costi maggiori associati al tempo operatorio. La sostenibilità finanziaria è determinata principalmente dal numero di interventi eseguiti ogni anno e dalle strategie adottate per l'acquisto e la manutenzione delle attrezzature robotiche, piuttosto che dalla tecnologia robotica stessa. Con riferimento al piano organizzativo, i risultati hanno evidenziato una maggiore adattabilità degli spazi e portabilità dei sistemi modulari, tuttavia, questi richiedono un maggiore coordinamento e formazione tra i membri del team per ottenere un'efficienza ottimale del flusso di lavoro durante le fasi iniziali del processo di integrazione. Conclusioni. L'affermarsi di nuove piattaforme robotiche ha incrementato la concorrenza nel settore della robotica chirurgica. I sistemi modulari come Hugo RAS e Versius hanno favorito un ambiente più competitivo attraverso miglioramenti tecnologici, che favoriranno nuove innovazioni e un ampliamento delle applicazioni cliniche Per garantire un valore a lungo termine saranno necessarie politiche coerenti e una ricerca multicentrica continua supportata da misurazioni e monitoraggi diretti in ospedale, al fine di rafforzare le prove concrete relative alle prestazioni ambientali, economiche e organizzative della chirurgia robotica.
Sustainability in robotic surgery: an HTA-based comparative evaluation of established and emerging platforms
Di Bonito, Lorenzo
2024/2025
Abstract
Background. The present work addresses the sustainability challenges associated with the growing diffusion of robotic surgery within public healthcare systems. It evaluates the potential introduction of two emerging robotic platforms — Versius ® (CMR Surgical) and Hugo™ RAS (Medtronic) — at ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, by comparing them with the reference standard Da Vinci Xi ® (Intuitive Surgical). The objective is to identify the most sustainable, feasible, and context-appropriate solution through an integrated Health Technology Assessment encompassing environmental, economic, and organizational dimensions. Methods. A systematic literature has been conducted to review the state of the art of Da Vinci Xi, Versius and Hugo RAS. The three systems were then assessed through a Hospital-Based HTA designed to support procurement decision-making, using a multi-method design: (i) procedure-level modelling of energy consumption, carbon footprint, and waste generated by each robot, complemented by staff questionnaires exploring awareness and practices related to environmental sustainability; (ii) micro-costing and break-even analyses of urologic procedures (radical prostatectomy, partial nephrectomy); and (iii) organizational analysis of room fit/mobility, setup/draping and docking times, training ecosystems, learning curves, and staff perceptions collected via structured questionnaires. Findings were triangulated across domains to ensure internal consistency and decision relevance. Results. Findings showed that the largest contributing factors to the environmental impact of robotic surgery are the disposable materials and the dedicated robotic instruments, while energy consumption is a secondary but measurable source of intraoperative emissions. The responses from the questionnaire indicated limited awareness among staff regarding sustainability related concerns, as well as numerous examples of unnecessary waste in the composition of surgical kits. The overall cost of each robotic platform per case is generally comparable, although Hugo RAS showed slightly lower overall costs, whereas Versius had the greatest cost associated with operative time. The financial sustainability is primarily driven by both the volume of cases performed annually, and the strategies employed to purchase and maintain the robotic equipment, rather than the robotic technology itself. From an organizational standpoint, findings highlighted improved room adaptability and portability of modular systems, however, they require increased coordination and training among team members to achieve optimal workflow efficiency during the initial stages of the integration process. Conclusions. The emergence of new robotic platforms has generated greater competition in the field of surgical robotics. Modular systems such as Hugo RAS and Versius have fostered a more competitive environment through technological improvements, which will promote further innovation and broader clinical applications. Ensuring long-term value will require coherent policies, data-informed governance, and continued multicentre research supported by direct in- hospital measurement and monitoring, to strengthen real-world evidence on the economic, environmental, and organizational performance of robotic surgery.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Di_Bonito_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: testo tesi
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2025_12_Di_Bonito_Executive_Summary.pdf
accessibile in internet per tutti a partire dal 12/11/2026
Descrizione: executive summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246610