Drug resistance continues to be a major limitation in the clinical management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While most of the existing research has focused on genetic mutations of tumor cells, increasing attention is being paid to the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME) as a key factor in therapeutic response. In particular, the presence of stromal cells such as endothelial, fibroblast, and immune cells can alter cancer cell behavior by releasing soluble factors or through direct physical contact. However, the exact role in this context remains largely unclear. The objective of this work is to better understand and quantify how stromal cells, and in particular endothelial cells, impact drug resistance in NSCLC spheroids. To achieve this, we used both conventional in vitro systems and a microfluidic platform. The standard in vitro model developed in previous work was used for spheroid generation and as a baseline for comparative analysis. However, it is based on conventional culture format (such as polystirene 24-well plates) which limits control over cell positioning and interactions. Conversely, the microfluidic chip enables co-culture of multiple 2D and 3D cell types within confined microenvironments, which offers enhanced spatial control for drug response studies. In this work, NSCLC spheroids were either cultured either with endothelial cell supernatant or in direct contact (the so-called tangled culture) with endothelial cells. This dual approach allowed us to investigate the impact of both paracrine and juxtacrine interactions. By comparing these two approaches, we aimed to determine whether endothelial-mediated drug resistance is primarily driven by secreted signaling molecules or by more complex cell-cell interactions. Fluorescence imaging and quantitative analysis were used to assess spheroid viability and size after treatment with targeted therapies. These data provide insights into how endothelial cells and their secreted factors may protect tumor cells from drug-induced cytotoxicity. Ultimately, this work aims to quantify the role of endothelial cells within the TME and compare their impact to other previously studied components.
La farmaco resistenza rappresenta una delle principali sfide nella gestione clinica del Carcinoma Polmonare Non a Piccole Cellule (NSCLC). Sebbene gran parte delle ricerche si sia concentrata sulle mutazioni genetiche delle cellule tumorali, negli ultimi anni è emerso un crescente interesse verso il microambiente tumorale (TME). In particolare, le cellule dello stroma possono influenzare il comportamento delle cellule tumorali, sia attraverso il rilascio di fattori solubili nel TME sia tramite contatti fisici diretti. Tuttavia, il ruolo preciso di queste interazioni rimane ancora poco chiaro. Questo lavoro ha l’obiettivo di comprendere e quantificare in che modo le cellule stromali, in particolare quelle endoteliali, contribuiscano alla farmaco resistenza negli sferoidi di NSCLC. A tale scopo, sono stati impiegati sia modelli in vitro convenzionali sia una piattaforma microfluidica. Il modello standard, sviluppato in studi precedenti per la generazione degli sferoidi, offre un controllo limitato sul posizionamento e sulle interazioni tra le cellule. Al contrario, il chip microfluidico permette la co-coltura di diversi tipi cellulari in due e tre dimensioni all’interno di microambienti confinati, garantendo un maggiore controllo spaziale e una migliore riproducibilità nello studio della risposta ai farmaci. In questo progetto, gli sferoidi di NSCLC sono stati coltivati sia in presenza del surnatante di cellule endoteliali, sia in contatto diretto con esse (la cosiddetta tangled culture). Confrontando i due modelli, è stato possibile indagare se la farmaco resistenza mediata dalle cellule endoteliali derivi principalmente dal surnatante o da interazioni cellula-cellula più complesse. L’imaging in fluorescenza e le analisi quantitative sono stati utilizzati per valutare la vitalità e le dimensioni degli sferoidi dopo il trattamento con farmaci mirati. I risultati ottenuti forniscono nuove indicazioni su come le cellule endoteliali e i loro fattori secreti contribuiscono a proteggere le cellule tumorali dagli effetti citotossici dei farmaci. Infine, questo studio mira a a confrontarne l’impatto con quello di altri componenti già indagati in precedenti ricerche.
Evaluating impact of endothelial cells on drug response of lung cancer spheroids using microwell array and microfluidic chip
Raspanti, Mario
2024/2025
Abstract
Drug resistance continues to be a major limitation in the clinical management of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While most of the existing research has focused on genetic mutations of tumor cells, increasing attention is being paid to the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME) as a key factor in therapeutic response. In particular, the presence of stromal cells such as endothelial, fibroblast, and immune cells can alter cancer cell behavior by releasing soluble factors or through direct physical contact. However, the exact role in this context remains largely unclear. The objective of this work is to better understand and quantify how stromal cells, and in particular endothelial cells, impact drug resistance in NSCLC spheroids. To achieve this, we used both conventional in vitro systems and a microfluidic platform. The standard in vitro model developed in previous work was used for spheroid generation and as a baseline for comparative analysis. However, it is based on conventional culture format (such as polystirene 24-well plates) which limits control over cell positioning and interactions. Conversely, the microfluidic chip enables co-culture of multiple 2D and 3D cell types within confined microenvironments, which offers enhanced spatial control for drug response studies. In this work, NSCLC spheroids were either cultured either with endothelial cell supernatant or in direct contact (the so-called tangled culture) with endothelial cells. This dual approach allowed us to investigate the impact of both paracrine and juxtacrine interactions. By comparing these two approaches, we aimed to determine whether endothelial-mediated drug resistance is primarily driven by secreted signaling molecules or by more complex cell-cell interactions. Fluorescence imaging and quantitative analysis were used to assess spheroid viability and size after treatment with targeted therapies. These data provide insights into how endothelial cells and their secreted factors may protect tumor cells from drug-induced cytotoxicity. Ultimately, this work aims to quantify the role of endothelial cells within the TME and compare their impact to other previously studied components.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246612