Modern structural applications increasingly require components that integrate distinct mechanical and chemical properties within a single system. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) address this need through a gradual variation in composition and properties, allowing for the optimization of mechanical, thermal, and chemical characteristics throughout the component's volume. At the same time, they enable high-performance features to be placed only where they are truly needed, reducing material consumption and supporting a more sustainable, resource-efficient design. This work investigates the fabrication of steel-based FGMs through the sintering and hot rolling of layered metal powders, using recycled gas-atomized powders of 316L austenitic stainless steel, F53 super duplex steel, and a ferritic FeMoW alloy. Layered powder stacks were co-sintered under high vacuum at 1395°C, to start the metallurgical bonding and the interdiffusion of the different materials elements, then hot rolled and solution annealed to consolidate fully dense laminates. All material combinations developed continuous metallurgical interfaces, free of residual porosity and continuous brittle phases, exhibiting gradual chemical compositions and microstructural transitions across the interface. The mechanical behaviour of the laminates was evaluated by tensile and shear tests with interfaces loaded in parallel, orthogonal and shear configurations. These tests confirmed effective load transfer, with strengths matching or exceeding those of the weaker constituent, and parallel-loaded samples showing intermediate responses. The FeMoW–F53 pair showed the most favourable synergy, whereas 316L-containing laminates were mechanically limited by oxide inclusions and process-induced defects. F53 duplex stainless steel proved essential as an intermediate transition layer, enabling the coupling of FeMoW and 316L despite their limited chemical and microstructural compatibility. Overall, the results demonstrate the feasibility of producing steel-based FGMs via sintering and hot rolling, highlighting their potential for multifunctional, resource-efficient components.
Le moderne applicazioni strutturali richiedono sempre più componenti in grado di integrare proprietà meccaniche e chimiche differenti all’interno di un unico sistema. I Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) rispondono a questa esigenza attraverso variazioni progressive di composizione e microstruttura, permettendo di ottimizzare le caratteristiche meccaniche, termiche e chimiche lungo tutto il volume del componente. Allo stesso tempo, essi consentono di collocare le proprietà più elevate solo nelle zone in cui sono realmente necessarie, riducendo il consumo di materiale e favorendo una progettazione più sostenibile ed efficiente. Questo lavoro indaga la produzione di FGMs mediante sinterizzazione e laminazione a caldo di polveri metalliche stratificate, utilizzando polveri riciclate ottenute per atomizzazione a gas, di acciaio inossidabile austenitico 316L, super duplex F53 e una lega ferritica FeMoW. Gli stack di polveri sono stati co-sinterizzati in alto vuoto a 1395°C per creare un primo legame metallurgico e per interdiffondere gli elementi dei diversi materiali, quindi laminati a caldo e solubilizzati per raggiungere una densificazione e un legame completo. Tutte le combinazioni di materiali hanno riportato interfacce metallurgicamente continue, prive di porosità residua e di fasi fragili continue, mostrando transizioni di composizione chimica e microstruttura graduali attraverso le interfacce. Il comportamento dei provini laminati è stato valutato mediante prove di trazione e di taglio con interfacce sollecitate in configurazione parallela, ortogonale e a taglio. I risultati hanno confermato un efficace trasferimento del carico, con resistenze pari o superiori a quelle del costituente più debole e risposte intermedie per i campioni caricati parallelamente al piano delle interfacce. La coppia FeMoW–F53 è risultata la più sinergica, mentre i provini contenenti 316L hanno mostrato proprietà meccaniche limitate dovute a inclusioni di ossidi e difetti introdotti durante il processo. L’acciaio duplex F53 si è inoltre rivelato essenziale come strato di transizione, permettendo l’accoppiamento tra FeMoW e 316L nonostante la loro ridotta compatibilità chimica e microstrutturale. In conclusione, i risultati dimostrano la fattibilità di produrre FGMs a base di acciai mediante sinterizzazione e laminazione a caldo, evidenziandone il potenziale per componenti multifunzionali ed efficienti.
Development of functional graded materials through sintering and rolling of layered metal powders
Zulian, Tommaso
2024/2025
Abstract
Modern structural applications increasingly require components that integrate distinct mechanical and chemical properties within a single system. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) address this need through a gradual variation in composition and properties, allowing for the optimization of mechanical, thermal, and chemical characteristics throughout the component's volume. At the same time, they enable high-performance features to be placed only where they are truly needed, reducing material consumption and supporting a more sustainable, resource-efficient design. This work investigates the fabrication of steel-based FGMs through the sintering and hot rolling of layered metal powders, using recycled gas-atomized powders of 316L austenitic stainless steel, F53 super duplex steel, and a ferritic FeMoW alloy. Layered powder stacks were co-sintered under high vacuum at 1395°C, to start the metallurgical bonding and the interdiffusion of the different materials elements, then hot rolled and solution annealed to consolidate fully dense laminates. All material combinations developed continuous metallurgical interfaces, free of residual porosity and continuous brittle phases, exhibiting gradual chemical compositions and microstructural transitions across the interface. The mechanical behaviour of the laminates was evaluated by tensile and shear tests with interfaces loaded in parallel, orthogonal and shear configurations. These tests confirmed effective load transfer, with strengths matching or exceeding those of the weaker constituent, and parallel-loaded samples showing intermediate responses. The FeMoW–F53 pair showed the most favourable synergy, whereas 316L-containing laminates were mechanically limited by oxide inclusions and process-induced defects. F53 duplex stainless steel proved essential as an intermediate transition layer, enabling the coupling of FeMoW and 316L despite their limited chemical and microstructural compatibility. Overall, the results demonstrate the feasibility of producing steel-based FGMs via sintering and hot rolling, highlighting their potential for multifunctional, resource-efficient components.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
2025_12_Zulian_Tesi.pdf
non accessibile
Descrizione: Testo della Tesi
Dimensione
8.31 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
8.31 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
|
2025_12_Zulian_Executive Summary.pdf
non accessibile
Descrizione: executive summary
Dimensione
2.33 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
2.33 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246648