Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the dominant technology for energy storage, powering applications ranging from portable electronics to electric mobility and stationary storage systems. However, their rapid growth has raised significant challenges in end-of-life management, especially regarding the recovery of critical raw materials like lithium, cobalt, manganese, and nickel. These materials are essential to secure supply chains, particularly for countries without control over extraction sites and recycling is needed to reduce the environmental impact of primary extraction. Traditional recycling methods, such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, are effective for metal recovery but involve high energy consumption, waste generation, and environmental impact. In recent years, solvometallurgy has emerged as a promising lab-scale alternative, using non-aqueous solvents or systems with organic acids and minimal water to potentially reduce recycling’s environmental burden while enabling selective recovery of valuable metals. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) have gained particular interest due to their tunable properties, low volatility, and compatibility with green chemistry principles. However, many processes, including those based on DES, are often labeled as “green” without a rigorous, quantitative sustainability assessment. Furthermore, most existing assessment frameworks are not well-suited for lab-scale workflows. This work addresses these gaps by implementing a novel sustainability evaluation tool, PolimiScale, and its simplified version, Light PolimiScale, applied to solvometallurgical leaching of LIB cathode materials. The methodology integrates parameters from three macro-categories: technical, safety, and economic. This tool aims to provide a more quantitative measure of how these emerging technologies can be considered green and sustainable. In the final part of the study, two lab-scale processes are compared, with corresponding results and considerations, demonstrating the tool’s ability to provide a systematic comparison of such processes.
Le batterie agli ioni di litio (LIBs) sono la tecnologia predominante per l'accumulo di energia e applicazioni che spaziano dall’elettronica portatile alla mobilità elettrica. Tuttavia, la loro diffusione ha generato sfide nella gestione del loro fine vita. In particolare, il recupero di materie prime critiche come litio, cobalto, nichel e manganese è essenziale per garantire la sicurezza delle catene di approvvigionamento, soprattutto per i paesi non coinvolti nell'estrazione e nella produzione degli elettrodi. Inoltre, il recupero di questi metalli è cruciale per ridurre l’impatto ambientale dell’estrazione primaria. Tecniche di riciclo come pirometallurgia e idrometallurgia, sono efficaci nel recupero di questi metalli ma comportano un alto consumo di energia, generazione di rifiuti secondari e significativi impatti ambientali. Negli ultimi anni, la solvometallurgia è emersa a livello sperimentale come promettente alternativa, utilizzando solventi non acquosi o sistemi con acidi organici e limitate quantità d'acqua, per ridurre l'impatto del riciclo e consentire il recupero dei metalli. Tra i solventi studiati, i Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) sono particolarmente interessanti per le loro proprietà regolabili, bassa volatilità e compatibilità con i principi della chimica verde. Tuttavia, molti processi, compresi quelli basati sui DES, sono spesso descritti come “green” senza una previa valutazione rigorosa. Inoltre, i metodi di valutazione esistenti non sono adatti a processi su scala di laboratorio. Questo lavoro affronta entrambe le problematiche implementando uno strumento di valutazione della sostenibilità, PolimiScale, e una versione semplificata, Light PolimiScale, applicato alla lisciviazione solvometallurgica dei materiali catodici delle LIB. La metodologia combina parametri appartenenti a tre macro-categorie: tecnica, di sicurezza ed economica, con l’obiettivo di fornire una valutazione semi-quantitativa della sostenibilità di queste tecnologie emergenti. Nella parte finale dello studio, sono stati confrontati due processi su scala di laboratorio riportando risultati e considerazioni, fornendo un confronto sistematico tra i processi.
PolimiScale: a novel tool for the sustainability assessment of spent li-ion batteries processing via solvometallurgy
Basilico, Marco Yuri
2024/2025
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are the dominant technology for energy storage, powering applications ranging from portable electronics to electric mobility and stationary storage systems. However, their rapid growth has raised significant challenges in end-of-life management, especially regarding the recovery of critical raw materials like lithium, cobalt, manganese, and nickel. These materials are essential to secure supply chains, particularly for countries without control over extraction sites and recycling is needed to reduce the environmental impact of primary extraction. Traditional recycling methods, such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, are effective for metal recovery but involve high energy consumption, waste generation, and environmental impact. In recent years, solvometallurgy has emerged as a promising lab-scale alternative, using non-aqueous solvents or systems with organic acids and minimal water to potentially reduce recycling’s environmental burden while enabling selective recovery of valuable metals. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES) have gained particular interest due to their tunable properties, low volatility, and compatibility with green chemistry principles. However, many processes, including those based on DES, are often labeled as “green” without a rigorous, quantitative sustainability assessment. Furthermore, most existing assessment frameworks are not well-suited for lab-scale workflows. This work addresses these gaps by implementing a novel sustainability evaluation tool, PolimiScale, and its simplified version, Light PolimiScale, applied to solvometallurgical leaching of LIB cathode materials. The methodology integrates parameters from three macro-categories: technical, safety, and economic. This tool aims to provide a more quantitative measure of how these emerging technologies can be considered green and sustainable. In the final part of the study, two lab-scale processes are compared, with corresponding results and considerations, demonstrating the tool’s ability to provide a systematic comparison of such processes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Basilico_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: tesi Basilico
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8.87 MB
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2025_12_Basilico_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary Basilico
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2025_12_Basilico_tool_applications.xlsx
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Descrizione: excel file with calculations
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15.12 MB
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15.12 MB | Microsoft Excel XML | Visualizza/Apri |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246701