Sustainability reports are a key tool through which companies demonstrate their commitment to ESG topics. Despite the proliferation of frameworks and regulations aimed at standardizing such disclosures, the self-produced nature of reports raises concerns about their transparency and reliability. In particular, greenwashing and impression management practices can undermine the truthfulness of communicated sustainability efforts. This thesis investigates whether obtaining the B Corp certification can effectively promote alignment between verified performance and ESG disclosure. We analyzed 97 sustainability reports from medium and large European B Corps using ESGBERT, a group of transformer-based Natural Language Processing models trained to detect and quantify environmental, social, and governance content. For each report, we computed disclosure scores by dividing the number of sentences classified under each ESG pillar by the total number of sentences. These scores were then used as dependent variables in regression models, to test whether B Impact Assessment (BIA) sub-scores (Governance, Workers, Community, Environment, Customers) predict the relative intensity of ESG-related disclosure. The analyses reveal that environmental performance is positively and significantly associated with the share of environmental disclosure, suggesting that firms with better environmental performance tend to emphasize it more in their reports. However, no significant relationship was found for social or governance dimensions. These findings reflect the greater salience, measurability, and institutional visibility of environmental issues compared to other ESG domains, and suggest that B Corp certification does not ensure higher reporting quality. This highlights the need for unified and binding reporting standards to promote balanced, transparent, and accountable sustainability disclosure.
I report di sostenibilità sono uno strumento fondamentale attraverso il quale le aziende dimostrano il proprio impegno verso tematiche ESG. Nonostante la proliferazione di framework e regolamenti volti a standardizzare tali comunicazioni, la natura autoprodotta dei report solleva dubbi in merito alla loro trasparenza e affidabilità. In particolare, pratiche di greenwashing e impression management possono compromettere la veridicità delle informazioni comunicate. Questa tesi indaga se l’ottenimento della certificazione B Corp possa effettivamente favorire un allineamento tra performance verificata e disclosure ESG. Per questo scopo, sono stati analizzati 97 report di sostenibilità di B Corp europee di medie e grandi dimensioni, utilizzando ESGBERT, un gruppo di modelli di Natural Language Processing basati su transformer, addestrati per rilevare e quantificare contenuti di tipo ambientale, sociale e di governance in un testo. Per ogni report, sono stati calcolati dei disclosure score, dividendo il numero di frasi classificate in ciascun pilastro ESG per il numero totale di frasi. Questi punteggi sono stati poi utilizzati come variabili dipendenti in modelli di regressione, per verificare se i sotto-punteggi del B Impact Assessment (BIA) (Governance, Workers, Community, Environment, Customers) predicessero l’intensità relativa della comunicazione ESG. Le analisi rivelano che la performance ambientale è positivamente e significativamente associata alla quota di comunicazione ambientale, suggerendo che le aziende con migliori prestazioni ambientali tendono a sottolinearle maggiormente ne loro report. Tuttavia, non emerge alcuna relazione significativa per le dimensioni sociali o di governance. Questi risultati riflettono la maggiore salienza, misurabilità e visibilità istituzionale delle tematiche ambientali rispetto a quelle sociali e di governance, e suggeriscono che la certificazione B Corp non garantisce una maggiore qualità della comunicazione. Ciò evidenzia la necessità di standard di reporting unificati e vincolanti per promuovere una disclosure ESG più bilanciata, trasparente e responsabile.
Certified performance and reported sustainability: assessing the ESG disclosure of B Corps
DOTTI, MARIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Sustainability reports are a key tool through which companies demonstrate their commitment to ESG topics. Despite the proliferation of frameworks and regulations aimed at standardizing such disclosures, the self-produced nature of reports raises concerns about their transparency and reliability. In particular, greenwashing and impression management practices can undermine the truthfulness of communicated sustainability efforts. This thesis investigates whether obtaining the B Corp certification can effectively promote alignment between verified performance and ESG disclosure. We analyzed 97 sustainability reports from medium and large European B Corps using ESGBERT, a group of transformer-based Natural Language Processing models trained to detect and quantify environmental, social, and governance content. For each report, we computed disclosure scores by dividing the number of sentences classified under each ESG pillar by the total number of sentences. These scores were then used as dependent variables in regression models, to test whether B Impact Assessment (BIA) sub-scores (Governance, Workers, Community, Environment, Customers) predict the relative intensity of ESG-related disclosure. The analyses reveal that environmental performance is positively and significantly associated with the share of environmental disclosure, suggesting that firms with better environmental performance tend to emphasize it more in their reports. However, no significant relationship was found for social or governance dimensions. These findings reflect the greater salience, measurability, and institutional visibility of environmental issues compared to other ESG domains, and suggest that B Corp certification does not ensure higher reporting quality. This highlights the need for unified and binding reporting standards to promote balanced, transparent, and accountable sustainability disclosure.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Dotti_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Maria Dotti tesi
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2025_12_Dotti_Executive Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Maria Dotti executive summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246711