In magnetically confined plasmas, neoclassical transport sets the lowest possible level of particle and heat loss when turbulence is absent. To run trustworthy gyro-kinetic simulations of tokamaks we therefore need to evaluate the level of the neoclassical transport that depends on a sound model of particle collisions. In this thesis, I implement and test two collision operators in the TRIangular-MEsh Gyro-kinetic particle-in-cell code TRIMEGC1: a Lorentz pitch-angle-scattering model for electron–ion collisions and a like-species Fokker–Planck model for ion–ion collisions. These operators are necessary to reproduce the neoclassical particle and heat transport. For a large-aspect-ratio tokamak, the Lorentz model is verified by examining the electron transport and the bootstrap current driven by a density gradient at uniform temperature. In the benchmark of the neoclassical electron transport, the simulated particle and heat fluxes, as well as the bootstrap current, agree with the drift-kinetic theory of the neoclassical transport, showing that the newly implemented collision operator in TRIMEG-C1 works as intended. The like-species model is verified by studying the ion transport at uniform temperature.
In plasmi confinati magneticamente, il trasporto neoclassico stabilisce il livello minimo possibile di perdita di particelle e energia in assenza di turbolenza. Per eseguire simulazioni giro-cinetiche affidabili di tokamak, è quindi necessario valutare il livello del trasporto neoclassico, il che dipende da un modello valido di collisione tra particelle. In questa tesi, implemento e testo due operatori di collisione nel codice giro-cinetico particlein-cell su griglia triangolare TRIMEG-C1: il modello di collisione di Lorentz per le collisioni elettrone-ione e l’operatore di collisione di Fokker–Planck per collisioni tra specie omogenee (ione-ione). Questi operatori sono indispensabili per riprodurre il trasporto neoclassico di particelle e energia. Per un tokamak ad alto rapporto d’aspetto, il modello di Lorentz è verificato esaminando il trasporto degli elettroni e la corrente di bootstrap indotta da un gradiente di densità a temperatura uniforme. Nella verifica del trasporto neoclassico degli elettroni, i flussi simulati di particelle e calore, così come la corrente bootstrap, concordano con la teoria cinetica del trasporto neoclassico, dimostrando che il nuovo operatore di collisione implementato in TRIMEG-C1 funziona come previsto. Il modello per specie omogenee è verificato studiando il trasporto degli ioni in un campo di temperatura uniforme.
Including neoclassical effects in gyro-kinetic particle-in-cell simulations of tokamak plasmas via appropariate collision operators
Shytaj, Patrik
2024/2025
Abstract
In magnetically confined plasmas, neoclassical transport sets the lowest possible level of particle and heat loss when turbulence is absent. To run trustworthy gyro-kinetic simulations of tokamaks we therefore need to evaluate the level of the neoclassical transport that depends on a sound model of particle collisions. In this thesis, I implement and test two collision operators in the TRIangular-MEsh Gyro-kinetic particle-in-cell code TRIMEGC1: a Lorentz pitch-angle-scattering model for electron–ion collisions and a like-species Fokker–Planck model for ion–ion collisions. These operators are necessary to reproduce the neoclassical particle and heat transport. For a large-aspect-ratio tokamak, the Lorentz model is verified by examining the electron transport and the bootstrap current driven by a density gradient at uniform temperature. In the benchmark of the neoclassical electron transport, the simulated particle and heat fluxes, as well as the bootstrap current, agree with the drift-kinetic theory of the neoclassical transport, showing that the newly implemented collision operator in TRIMEG-C1 works as intended. The like-species model is verified by studying the ion transport at uniform temperature.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Shytaj_Tesi.pdf
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2025_12_Shytaj_Executive_Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246714