The decarbonization pathway undertaken by Italy and the European Union toward the 2030 climate targets requires a rapid acceleration in the deployment of innovative renew able energy technologies. Among the emerging solutions, Airborne Wind Energy (AWE) stands out as a promising yet still pre-commercial concept capable of exploiting high al titude winds, which are generally stronger and more persistent than those accessed by conventional turbines. Thanks to lightweight airborne structures and minimal spatial footprint, AWE systems offer the potential for flexible renewable generation with reduced environmental impact. Although AWE remains at an intermediate technology readiness level and faces challenges related to automation, reliability and certification, ongoing developments indicate a clear trajectory toward multi-megawatt devices and more complex offshore applications. In this context, the main objective of this thesis is to provide a preliminary techno economic assessment of offshore AWE deployment in Italian maritime areas. The analysis addresses two complementary aspects: first, the characterization of high altitude offshore winds through a comparison between ERA5 and CERRA reanalyses, and the estimation of large-scale theoretical offshore AWE potential; then, an evaluation of cost competitiveness through the computation of the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE). The analysis confirmed that Italy has an enormous theoretical offshore AWE potential, capable of exceeding the country’s annual electricity consumption. The results also showed that, although the current LCoE reflects the pre commercial nature of the technology and is dominated by offshore infrastructure costs, the economic gap with mature technologies can be significantly reduced through design optimization and targeted incentive policies. In conclusion, this study validates offshore AWE as an energy option with high theoretical potential for Italy. The analysis provides a consistent methodological foundation and outlines future research directions necessary to improve both the technological efficiency of AWE systems and the accuracy of analyses and forecasts of key data such as the Levelized Cost of Energy. The results offer essential estimates to support future research and preliminary investment evaluations, accelerating the integration of AWE into Italy’s future energy portfolio.
Il percorso di decarbonizzazione intrapreso dall’Italia e dall’Unione Europea verso gli obiettivi climatici del 2030 richiede una rapida accelerazione nella diffusione di tecnologie innovative per le energie rinnovabili. Tra le soluzioni emergenti, i sistemi Airborne Wind Energy (AWE) si distingue come un concetto promettente ma ancora pre-commerciale, in grado di sfruttare i venti d’alta quota, generalmente più forti e persistenti di quelli a cui accedono le turbine convenzionali. Grazie a strutture aeree leggere e ad un ingombro spaziale minimo, i sistemi AWE offrono il potenziale per una generazione flessibile di energia rinnovabile con un impatto ambientale ridotto. Sebbene i sistemi AWE rimangano a un livello intermedio di conoscenza tecnologica e debbano affrontare sfide legate all’automazione, all’affidabilità e alla certificazione, gli sviluppi in corso indicano una chiara traiettoria verso dispositivi multi-megawatt e appli cazioni offshore più complesse. In questo contesto, l’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è quello di fornire una valutazione tecnico-economica preliminare dell’impiego di AWE offshore nelle aree marittime italiane. L’analisi affronta due aspetti complementari: in primo luogo, la caratterizzazione dei venti offshore ad alta quota attraverso un confronto tra le rianalisi ERA5 e CERRA e la stima del potenziale teorico di AWE offshore su larga scala; in seguito, una valutazione della competitività dei costi attraverso il calcolo del costo livellato dell’energia (LCoE). L’analisi ha confermato che l’Italia ha un enorme potenziale teorico per i sistemi AWE offshore, in grado di superare il consumo annuo di elettricità del Paese. I risultati hanno inoltre mostrato che, sebbene l’attuale LCoE rifletta la natura precommerciale della tec nologia e sia dominato dai costi delle infrastrutture offshore, il divario economico con le tecnologie mature può essere significativamente ridotto attraverso l’ottimizzazione della progettazione e politiche di incentivi mirate. In conclusione, questo studio convalida l’AWE offshore come opzione energetica ad alto potenziale teorico per l’Italia. L’analisi fornisce una base metodologica coerente e delinea le future direzioni di ricerca necessarie per migliorare sia l’efficienza tecnologica dei sistemi AWE, sia l’accuratezza delle analisi e delle previsioni di dati chiave come il costo dell’energia. I risultati offrono stime essenziali a supporto della ricerca futura e delle valutazioni preliminari degli investimenti, accelerando l’integrazione dei sistemi AWE nel futuro portafoglio energetico italiano.
A preliminary techno-economic evaluation of airborne wind energy for offshore applications in Italy
Nobile, Umberto;Neri, Francesca
2024/2025
Abstract
The decarbonization pathway undertaken by Italy and the European Union toward the 2030 climate targets requires a rapid acceleration in the deployment of innovative renew able energy technologies. Among the emerging solutions, Airborne Wind Energy (AWE) stands out as a promising yet still pre-commercial concept capable of exploiting high al titude winds, which are generally stronger and more persistent than those accessed by conventional turbines. Thanks to lightweight airborne structures and minimal spatial footprint, AWE systems offer the potential for flexible renewable generation with reduced environmental impact. Although AWE remains at an intermediate technology readiness level and faces challenges related to automation, reliability and certification, ongoing developments indicate a clear trajectory toward multi-megawatt devices and more complex offshore applications. In this context, the main objective of this thesis is to provide a preliminary techno economic assessment of offshore AWE deployment in Italian maritime areas. The analysis addresses two complementary aspects: first, the characterization of high altitude offshore winds through a comparison between ERA5 and CERRA reanalyses, and the estimation of large-scale theoretical offshore AWE potential; then, an evaluation of cost competitiveness through the computation of the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCoE). The analysis confirmed that Italy has an enormous theoretical offshore AWE potential, capable of exceeding the country’s annual electricity consumption. The results also showed that, although the current LCoE reflects the pre commercial nature of the technology and is dominated by offshore infrastructure costs, the economic gap with mature technologies can be significantly reduced through design optimization and targeted incentive policies. In conclusion, this study validates offshore AWE as an energy option with high theoretical potential for Italy. The analysis provides a consistent methodological foundation and outlines future research directions necessary to improve both the technological efficiency of AWE systems and the accuracy of analyses and forecasts of key data such as the Levelized Cost of Energy. The results offer essential estimates to support future research and preliminary investment evaluations, accelerating the integration of AWE into Italy’s future energy portfolio.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246726