Nitriles (R–C≡N) represent a versatile class of compounds widely employed in the fragrance and flavour, pharmaceutical, and fine chemical industries, where they serve both as functional ingredients and as key intermediates in synthetic chemistry. Conventional chemical routes to nitriles, however, often rely on toxic reagents and harsh conditions, raising safety and environmental concerns and motivating the search for greener alternatives. Aldoxime dehydratases (Oxds) offer an environmentally friendly biocatalytic route by catalysing the dehydration of aldoximes under mild aqueous conditions. Although Oxds have been characterized on a structurally diverse range of substrates, their reactivity toward α,β-unsaturated oximes has remained poorly explored. In this work, three newly mined Oxds were identified and characterized alongside the benchmark enzyme OxdRe, with the aim of discovering candidates potentially active on unsaturated substrates and outlining their broader activity profiles on a diverse aldoxime panel. The screening highlighted the general difficulty of dehydrating conjugated substrates but also revealed partial tolerance in selected cases, allowing a first delineation of individual substrate–activity patterns. OxdRf behaved consistently with most bacterial Oxds, showing preference for saturated aliphatic aldoximes; OxdPz appeared broadly consistent with its fungal clade, efficiently catalysing the full conversion of citronellal oxime as its closest characterized homologue OxdAsp; and OxdPtr, the most phylogenetically peculiar enzyme, displayed noteworthy activity on some aromatic aldoximes. Overall, the study expands the current Oxd sequence space and provides the first systematic comparative insight into their reactivity on conjugated substrates, contributing to a broader understanding of their substrate scope and catalytic diversity.
I nitrili (R–C≡N) rappresentano una classe di composti estremamente versatile, ampiamente impiegata nei settori delle fragranze e degli aromi, dell’industria farmaceutica e della chimica fine, dove trovano applicazione sia come ingredienti funzionali, sia come intermedi chiave nella sintesi organica. Le vie chimiche tradizionali per la loro produzione si basano tuttavia su reagenti tossici e condizioni operative drastiche, sollevando preoccupazioni di natura ambientale e di sicurezza, e spingendo la ricerca verso alternative più sostenibili. Le aldossima deidratasi (Oxd) offrono un approccio biocatalitico ecocompatibile, catalizzando la disidratazione delle aldossime in ambiente acquoso e in condizioni di reazione più blande. Sebbene tali enzimi siano stati caratterizzati su un’ampia gamma di substrati strutturalmente differenti, la loro reattività nei confronti delle ossime α,β-insature è rimasta finora poco esplorata. In questo lavoro sono state identificate e caratterizzate tre nuove Oxd ottenute tramite mining bioinformatico, affiancate all’enzima di riferimento OxdRe, con l’obiettivo di individuare candidati potenzialmente attivi su substrati insaturi e delinearne i profili di attività su un ampio pannello di aldossime. Lo screening ha evidenziato la difficoltà generale nel disidratare substrati coniugati, ma anche una parziale tolleranza in casi selezionati, consentendo di definire un primo quadro comparativo delle relazioni tra struttura del substrato e attività enzimatica. OxdRf ha mostrato un comportamento coerente con quello tipico delle Oxd batteriche, preferendo aldossime alifatiche sature; OxdPz ha mantenuto le caratteristiche funzionali tipiche della propria clade fungina, catalizzando efficientemente la completa conversione dell’ossima del citronellale, analogamente al suo omologo OxdAsp; mentre OxdPtr, l’enzima filogeneticamente più peculiare, ha mostrato un’attività degna di nota su alcune aldossime aromatiche. Complessivamente, questo studio amplia lo spazio di sequenze note per la famiglia delle aldossima deidratasi e fornisce il primo confronto sistematico della loro reattività su substrati coniugati, contribuendo ad approfondire la comprensione della loro diversità catalitica e del loro spettro di substrati.
Biocatalytic synthesis of nitriles via aldoxime dehydratases
RIVERA, ANGELO
2024/2025
Abstract
Nitriles (R–C≡N) represent a versatile class of compounds widely employed in the fragrance and flavour, pharmaceutical, and fine chemical industries, where they serve both as functional ingredients and as key intermediates in synthetic chemistry. Conventional chemical routes to nitriles, however, often rely on toxic reagents and harsh conditions, raising safety and environmental concerns and motivating the search for greener alternatives. Aldoxime dehydratases (Oxds) offer an environmentally friendly biocatalytic route by catalysing the dehydration of aldoximes under mild aqueous conditions. Although Oxds have been characterized on a structurally diverse range of substrates, their reactivity toward α,β-unsaturated oximes has remained poorly explored. In this work, three newly mined Oxds were identified and characterized alongside the benchmark enzyme OxdRe, with the aim of discovering candidates potentially active on unsaturated substrates and outlining their broader activity profiles on a diverse aldoxime panel. The screening highlighted the general difficulty of dehydrating conjugated substrates but also revealed partial tolerance in selected cases, allowing a first delineation of individual substrate–activity patterns. OxdRf behaved consistently with most bacterial Oxds, showing preference for saturated aliphatic aldoximes; OxdPz appeared broadly consistent with its fungal clade, efficiently catalysing the full conversion of citronellal oxime as its closest characterized homologue OxdAsp; and OxdPtr, the most phylogenetically peculiar enzyme, displayed noteworthy activity on some aromatic aldoximes. Overall, the study expands the current Oxd sequence space and provides the first systematic comparative insight into their reactivity on conjugated substrates, contributing to a broader understanding of their substrate scope and catalytic diversity.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246741