The relationship between ESG performance and firm value has become one of the most debated topics in sustainable finance, with empirical evidence often heterogeneous and sometimes contradictory. This uncertainty suggests that the impact of ESG does not depend on a single, universal mechanism, but is strongly conditioned by the context in which firms operate. In this perspective, the study examines how and where ESG contributes to the creation of economic value, focusing on the role of the institutional context, understood as the interaction between regulatory frameworks and market sentiment. Grounded in institutional theory, the study adopts a comparative approach between the European Union and the United States—two economies similar in scale but markedly different in regulatory design, financial culture, and sustainability narratives. The empirical analysis relies on firm fixed-effects panel regressions with robust standard errors, applied to a sample of 967 listed firms (2016–2024) across five major sectors using data from LSEG (Refinitiv). Alongside the main specification, functional-form models (linear, quadratic, cubic) and sectoral analyses are developed to capture potential non-linearities and structural heterogeneity. Results reveal a clear transatlantic asymmetry. In the United States, where regulation is lighter and market sentiment more polarized, ESG acts as a differentiating and reputational driver, rewarded in a consistently linear fashion. In the European Union, instead, stricter and more standardized regulation reduces ESG’s signaling power, generating weaker or neutral effects and a mildly U-shaped relationship, where benefits emerge only beyond specific credibility thresholds. Sectoral results confirm that drivers such as capital intensity, environmental sensitivity, and customer proximity significantly shape ESG’s impact, though in ways that are strongly context-dependent. Overall, the research contributes to showing that the financial impact of ESG, while tangible, is neither universal nor uniform, but strongly dependent on the institutional and perceptual context in which firms operate. The balance between regulation and market perceptions emerges as a key factor in determining the actual ability of ESG to translate into value creation. These findings provide valuable insights and new opportunities for future research to further explore, from a comparative and contextual perspective, the role of institutional, structural, and sectoral dynamics in shaping the relationship between sustainability and corporate performance.
La relazione tra performance ESG e valore d’impresa rappresenta oggi uno dei temi più dibattuti della finanza sostenibile, con evidenze empiriche spesso eterogenee e talvolta contraddittorie. Questa incertezza suggerisce che l’impatto dell’ESG non dipenda da un meccanismo unico e universale, ma sia fortemente condizionato dal contesto in cui le imprese operano. In quest’ottica, lo studio analizza come e dove l’ESG contribuisca alla creazione di valore economico, concentrandosi sul ruolo del contesto istituzionale, inteso come interazione tra quadro regolatorio e sentiment di mercato. Basandosi sulla teoria istituzionale, lo studio adotta un approccio comparativo tra Unione Europea e Stati Uniti, due economie simili per dimensioni ma profondamente diverse per struttura regolatoria, cultura finanziaria e narrativa verso la sostenibilità. L’analisi empirica si fonda su regressioni panel con effetti fissi aziendali ed errori robusti, applicate a un campione di 967 imprese quotate nel periodo 2016–2024, appartenenti a cinque macrosettori e con dati provenienti da LSEG (Refinitiv). Oltre al modello principale, vengono esplorate diverse forme funzionali della relazione ESG–valore (lineare, quadratica e cubica) e condotte analisi settoriali per cogliere eventuali non linearità e differenze strutturali. I risultati evidenziano una chiara asimmetria transatlantica. Negli Stati Uniti, dove la regolamentazione è più flessibile e il sentiment di mercato più polarizzato, l’ESG agisce come leva di differenziazione strategica e reputazionale, premiata in modo lineare e crescente. Nell’Unione Europea, invece, una regolamentazione più rigida e standardizzata riduce il potere segnaletico dell’ESG, generando effetti più deboli o neutri e una relazione leggermente quadratica, di tipo U-shaped, in cui i benefici emergono solo oltre specifiche soglie di credibilità. L’analisi settoriale conferma che driver come intensità di capitale, sensibilità ambientale e prossimità al consumatore influenzano in modo significativo l’impatto dell’ESG, sebbene con modalità fortemente dipendenti dal contesto regionale e istituzionale. Nel complesso, la ricerca contribuisce a mostrare che l’impatto finanziario dell’ESG, seppur concreto, è lontano dall’essere universale ed uniforme, in quanto fortemente dipendente dal contesto istituzionale e percettivo in cui le imprese operano. L’equilibrio tra regolazione e percezioni di mercato emerge come elemento chiave nel determinare la reale capacità dell’ESG di tradursi in creazione di valore. Queste evidenze offrono spunti di riflessione e nuove opportunità di ricerca per approfondire, in ottica comparativa e contestualizzata, il ruolo delle dinamiche istituzionali, strutturali e settoriali nella relazione tra sostenibilità e performance aziendale.
ESG ratings and firm value: the role of the institutional context
Della Cioppa, Renato
2024/2025
Abstract
The relationship between ESG performance and firm value has become one of the most debated topics in sustainable finance, with empirical evidence often heterogeneous and sometimes contradictory. This uncertainty suggests that the impact of ESG does not depend on a single, universal mechanism, but is strongly conditioned by the context in which firms operate. In this perspective, the study examines how and where ESG contributes to the creation of economic value, focusing on the role of the institutional context, understood as the interaction between regulatory frameworks and market sentiment. Grounded in institutional theory, the study adopts a comparative approach between the European Union and the United States—two economies similar in scale but markedly different in regulatory design, financial culture, and sustainability narratives. The empirical analysis relies on firm fixed-effects panel regressions with robust standard errors, applied to a sample of 967 listed firms (2016–2024) across five major sectors using data from LSEG (Refinitiv). Alongside the main specification, functional-form models (linear, quadratic, cubic) and sectoral analyses are developed to capture potential non-linearities and structural heterogeneity. Results reveal a clear transatlantic asymmetry. In the United States, where regulation is lighter and market sentiment more polarized, ESG acts as a differentiating and reputational driver, rewarded in a consistently linear fashion. In the European Union, instead, stricter and more standardized regulation reduces ESG’s signaling power, generating weaker or neutral effects and a mildly U-shaped relationship, where benefits emerge only beyond specific credibility thresholds. Sectoral results confirm that drivers such as capital intensity, environmental sensitivity, and customer proximity significantly shape ESG’s impact, though in ways that are strongly context-dependent. Overall, the research contributes to showing that the financial impact of ESG, while tangible, is neither universal nor uniform, but strongly dependent on the institutional and perceptual context in which firms operate. The balance between regulation and market perceptions emerges as a key factor in determining the actual ability of ESG to translate into value creation. These findings provide valuable insights and new opportunities for future research to further explore, from a comparative and contextual perspective, the role of institutional, structural, and sectoral dynamics in shaping the relationship between sustainability and corporate performance.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Della_Cioppa_Executive_Summary.pdf
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2025_12_Della_Cioppa_Tesi_.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246842