This thesis investigates how technological, spatial, and temporal aggregation influence the behaviour of a bottom-up energy system model of Italy developed with Calliope. The motivation arises from the growing need for high-resolution modelling tools capable of representing flexibility constraints in systems increasingly dominated by variable renewable energy. A comparative analysis is conducted along three axes: thermal technology aggregation, renewable resource aggregation, and temporal resolution. The methodological approach combines real plant-level data from TERNA and GEM, high-resolution renewable profiles from Renewable Ninja and the Global Solar Atlas, and a new start-up constraint designed to represent turbine-based thermal units more realistically. By progressively increasing the level of disaggregation, the study reveals how each modelling dimension affects dispatch patterns, cost distribution, and the representation of short-term system dynamics. Results show that thermal disaggregation has the largest operational impact, enabling realistic cycling behaviour and avoiding misleading flexibility signals. Renewable aggregation has limited effects in operational mode but becomes crucial for planning, particularly for assessing curtailment and resource quality. Sub-hourly temporal resolution captures fast system adjustments that hourly models systematically smooth out. The findings highlight the importance of choosing aggregation levels consistent with the objectives of future energy system studies.
Questa tesi analizza come l’aggregazione tecnologica, spaziale e temporale influenzi il comportamento di un modello energetico bottom-up dell’Italia sviluppato con Calliope. La motivazione nasce dalla crescente necessità di strumenti di simulazione ad alta risoluzione in grado di rappresentare in modo realistico i vincoli di flessibilità in sistemi dominati da fonti rinnovabili variabili. L’analisi è articolata lungo tre dimensioni: l’aggregazione degli impianti termoelettrici, l’aggregazione delle risorse rinnovabili e la risoluzione temporale. La metodologia combina dati reali sugli impianti da TERNA e GEM, profili rinnovabili ad alta risoluzione da Renewable Ninja e Global Solar Atlas e un nuovo vincolo di avviamento per rappresentare con maggiore fedeltà gli impianti a turbina. Incrementando la disaggregazione, si evidenzia come ciascuna dimensione modelli impatti diversi su dispatch, costi e dinamiche operative di breve termine. I risultati mostrano che la disaggregazione termoelettrica è la più rilevante, poiché consente di riprodurre comportamenti realistici e di evitare segnali fuorvianti sulla flessibilità. L’aggregazione rinnovabile ha effetti limitati in modalità operativa ma diventa cruciale in ottica di planning. La risoluzione quartoraria cattura aggiustamenti rapidi che i modelli orari tendono a smussare. Le conclusioni sottolineano l’importanza di selezionare il livello di aggregazione più adatto agli obiettivi dello studio energetico.
Analysis of temporal, spatial and technological resolution in bottom-up energy system models: application to the italian power sector
GAMBARO, STEFANO
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis investigates how technological, spatial, and temporal aggregation influence the behaviour of a bottom-up energy system model of Italy developed with Calliope. The motivation arises from the growing need for high-resolution modelling tools capable of representing flexibility constraints in systems increasingly dominated by variable renewable energy. A comparative analysis is conducted along three axes: thermal technology aggregation, renewable resource aggregation, and temporal resolution. The methodological approach combines real plant-level data from TERNA and GEM, high-resolution renewable profiles from Renewable Ninja and the Global Solar Atlas, and a new start-up constraint designed to represent turbine-based thermal units more realistically. By progressively increasing the level of disaggregation, the study reveals how each modelling dimension affects dispatch patterns, cost distribution, and the representation of short-term system dynamics. Results show that thermal disaggregation has the largest operational impact, enabling realistic cycling behaviour and avoiding misleading flexibility signals. Renewable aggregation has limited effects in operational mode but becomes crucial for planning, particularly for assessing curtailment and resource quality. Sub-hourly temporal resolution captures fast system adjustments that hourly models systematically smooth out. The findings highlight the importance of choosing aggregation levels consistent with the objectives of future energy system studies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246854