Accurately predicting rotorcraft aerodynamics in complex environments remains challenging because the flow is inherently three-dimensional, unsteady, and nonlinear. While high-fidelity CFD (e.g., RANS/uRANS) can resolve the governing physics, its computational cost limits routine use; conversely, lower-order mid-fidelity tools offer attractive turnaround but may under-represent non-uniform inflow and wake–structure interactions that drive rotor loading. This thesis develops and validates a mid-fidelity dual-solver framework that couples a finite-volume RANS solution of the surrounding environment with a Blade-Element-Theory (BET) rotor model through a conservative, Python-based exchange of loads and inflow. A steady implementation is adopted for clarity and efficiency, with an architecture expressly designed for straightforward extension to time-accurate and aeroelastic analyses. Validation proceeds in two steps. First, an isolated-rotor hover benchmark (NASA Langley rotor) is used to compare the dual-solver against a fully blade-resolved 3D CFD reference (MRF in Fluent) and an industrial Virtual Blade Model (VBM). The dual-solver reproduces integral performance trends—thrust, power coefficients and figure of merit—with close agreement in mid-field features; residual thrust bias at low/high collective is consistent with classical tip-loss limitations of BET–momentum couplings and is mitigated by a tip-velocity correction, indicating a clear path for further refinement. Second, the method is exercised in a shipboard scenario (SFS2), where mid-plane total-pressure and axial-velocity fields, as well as spanwise blade loads, show close agreement with VBM while preserving the salient airwake topology relevant to rotor loading. Across cases, the dual-solver attains substantially shorter runtimes than blade-resolved CFD and favorable efficiency relative to VBM, achieving a practical fidelity–cost balance. Overall, the results establish the dual-solver as a credible intermediate-fidelity approach for rotorcraft in non-uniform inflow, validated on canonical and shipboard conditions and positioned for future time-accurate and coupled aeroelastic extensions.
Prevedere con accuratezza l’aerodinamica dei velivoli a rotore in ambienti complessi resta impegnativo poiché il flusso è intrinsecamente tridimensionale, instazionario e non lineare. Sebbene la CFD ad alta fedeltà (ad es. RANS/uRANS) consenta di risolvere la fisica dominante, il costo computazionale ne limita l’impiego routinario; al contrario, gli strumenti di ordine inferiore a media fedeltà offrono tempi di calcolo competitivi, ma possono sottorappresentare l’ingresso non uniforme e le interazioni fra scia e struttura che governano i carichi sul rotore. Questa tesi sviluppa e valida un framework dual-solver a media fedeltà che accoppia una soluzione RANS a volumi finiti del campo di moto con un modello del rotore basato sulla Blade-Element Theory (BET), mediante uno scambio conservativo—implementato in Python—di carichi e inflow. È adottata una formulazione stazionaria per chiarezza ed efficienza, con un’architettura espressamente pensata per una agevole estensione a simulazioni tempo-accurate e ad analisi aeroelastiche accoppiate. La validazione procede in due fasi. In primo luogo, un benchmark in hovering con rotore isolato (rotore NASA Langley) è utilizzato per confrontare il dual-solver con un riferimento CFD 3D a pala risolta (MRF in Fluent) e con un Virtual Blade Model (VBM) industriale. Il dual-solver riproduce gli andamenti delle grandezze integrali—coefficienti di spinta, potenza e figura di merito—con stretto accordo nelle caratteristiche del campo intermedio; i residui di bias sulla spinta ai bassi/alti collettivi sono coerenti con le note limitazioni di tip-loss nelle formulazioni BET/BEMT e risultano mitigati da una correzione di velocità al tip, indicando una chiara direzione di affinamento. In secondo luogo, il metodo è applicato a uno scenario shipboard (SFS2), dove i campi di pressione totale e di velocità assiale sul piano mediano, così come le distribuzioni radiali dei carichi di pala, mostrano buon accordo con VBM, preservando la topologia saliente della scia rilevante per i carichi del rotore. Sui diversi casi, il dual-solver consegue tempi di esecuzione significativamente inferiori alla CFD a pala risolta e un’efficienza favorevole rispetto al VBM, realizzando un bilanciamento pratico tra fedeltà e costo. Nel complesso, i risultati attestano il dual-solver come un approccio a fedeltà intermedia credibile per rotori in inflow non uniforme, validato in condizioni canoniche e shipboard e posizionato per future estensioni instazionarie e per accoppiamenti aeroelastici.
A dual-solver framework for rotor aerodynamics
Siciliani, Sofia
2024/2025
Abstract
Accurately predicting rotorcraft aerodynamics in complex environments remains challenging because the flow is inherently three-dimensional, unsteady, and nonlinear. While high-fidelity CFD (e.g., RANS/uRANS) can resolve the governing physics, its computational cost limits routine use; conversely, lower-order mid-fidelity tools offer attractive turnaround but may under-represent non-uniform inflow and wake–structure interactions that drive rotor loading. This thesis develops and validates a mid-fidelity dual-solver framework that couples a finite-volume RANS solution of the surrounding environment with a Blade-Element-Theory (BET) rotor model through a conservative, Python-based exchange of loads and inflow. A steady implementation is adopted for clarity and efficiency, with an architecture expressly designed for straightforward extension to time-accurate and aeroelastic analyses. Validation proceeds in two steps. First, an isolated-rotor hover benchmark (NASA Langley rotor) is used to compare the dual-solver against a fully blade-resolved 3D CFD reference (MRF in Fluent) and an industrial Virtual Blade Model (VBM). The dual-solver reproduces integral performance trends—thrust, power coefficients and figure of merit—with close agreement in mid-field features; residual thrust bias at low/high collective is consistent with classical tip-loss limitations of BET–momentum couplings and is mitigated by a tip-velocity correction, indicating a clear path for further refinement. Second, the method is exercised in a shipboard scenario (SFS2), where mid-plane total-pressure and axial-velocity fields, as well as spanwise blade loads, show close agreement with VBM while preserving the salient airwake topology relevant to rotor loading. Across cases, the dual-solver attains substantially shorter runtimes than blade-resolved CFD and favorable efficiency relative to VBM, achieving a practical fidelity–cost balance. Overall, the results establish the dual-solver as a credible intermediate-fidelity approach for rotorcraft in non-uniform inflow, validated on canonical and shipboard conditions and positioned for future time-accurate and coupled aeroelastic extensions.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246889