In recent years, the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources has reinforced the strategic need for efficient and reliable energy storage systems capable of ensuring grid stability, operational flexibility, and security of supply in contexts dominated by non-dispatchable power generation. This thesis begins with a critical review of the main storage technologies currently available, illustrating their operating principles, technolog- ical maturity, limitations, and suitability within future energy systems with a high share of renewable. Special attention is devoted to long duration storage solutions, for which chemical energy storage emerges as one of the most promising options for enabling sea- sonal energy balancing. The core of this work investigates an innovative long duration energy storage and power generation system based on iron as a circular and carbon-neutral energy carrier, which has been modeled and analyzed using Aspen Plus. The reduction of iron oxides, traditionally carried out in the steel industry, is reinterpreted here as the charging phase of the storage cycle, using renewable hydrogen as the reducing agent for hematite. The hematite–hydrogen reaction is examined in depth with the aim of defining the key design criteria for the reduction reactor and consequently, for the overall reduc- tion plant. The discharging phase consists of the oxidation of reduced iron to produce heat through two fluidized bed reactors, one operated with air and one with steam, which efficiently transfer heat to a medium scale combined cycle. The gas turbine is designed for operation with 100% hydrogen fuel and is followed by a heat recovery steam cycle, enabling a fully carbon-free electricity generation process. The proposed system there- fore forms an integrated Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) cycle with no direct CO2 emissions. The performance is assessed both at subsystem level and for the entire pro- cess, demonstrating its efficiency, and a potential integration into future renewable based energy scenarios, where sustainable and long duration storage solutions will be essential to achieve full decarbonization and long-term energy security.
Negli ultimi anni la crescente diffusione delle fonti rinnovabili nel sistema energetico ha reso sempre più centrale il tema dell’accumulo, poiché la disponibilità intermittente e non programmabile di tali risorse richiede soluzioni capaci di garantire stabilità di rete, flessibilità operativa e sicurezza dell’approvvigionamento. Il presente lavoro si apre con un’analisi critica delle principali tecnologie di stoccaggio oggi disponibili, illustrandone i principi di funzionamento, il livello di maturità tecnologica, i limiti applicativi e il grado di compatibilità con un sistema elettrico ad alta penetrazione rinnovabile. Particolare riguardo viene riservato ai sistemi di accumulo di lunga durata, per i quali lo stoccaggio chimico emerge come una delle soluzioni più promettenti per consentire un bilanciamento energetico su scala stagionale. La tesi approfondisce lo studio di un innovativo sistema di accumulo e generazione di energia basato sull’impiego del ferro come vettore energetico circolare e carbon–neutral, sviluppato e analizzato con l’ausilio di Aspen Plus. Il processo di riduzione degli ossidi di ferro, tradizionalmente impiegato in ambito siderurgico, viene reinterpretato come fase di carica del sistema, mediante utilizzo di idrogeno rinnovabile come agente riducente dell’ematite. La reazione ematite–idrogeno viene analizzata nel dettaglio con l’obiettivo di definire i criteri progettuali per il dimensionamento del reat- tore di riduzione e conseguentemente, dell’intero impianto di riduzione. La fase di scarica prevede invece l’ossidazione del ferro ridotto per la produzione di calore attraverso due reattori a letto fluidizzato, uno alimentato ad aria e uno a vapore, responsabili del trasfer- imento termico verso un ciclo combinato di media taglia. La turbina a gas è progettata per operare con combustibile costituito da idrogeno al 100%, seguita da un ciclo a vapore a recupero, consentendo una generazione elettrica priva di emissioni dirette di CO2. Il sistema proposto configura un ciclo di Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) integrato e a emissioni nette nulle. Le prestazioni sono valutate a livello dei singoli sottosistemi e dell’intero ciclo, evidenziando l’efficienza e una potenziale integrazione in futuri scenari energetici alimentati da rinnovabili, nei quali soluzioni di accumulo sostenibili e di lunga durata saranno elementi chiave della transizione verso la neutralità climatica.
Power to power storage using iron as a metal energy carrier
Mazza, Matteo Gerardo
2024/2025
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing penetration of renewable energy sources has reinforced the strategic need for efficient and reliable energy storage systems capable of ensuring grid stability, operational flexibility, and security of supply in contexts dominated by non-dispatchable power generation. This thesis begins with a critical review of the main storage technologies currently available, illustrating their operating principles, technolog- ical maturity, limitations, and suitability within future energy systems with a high share of renewable. Special attention is devoted to long duration storage solutions, for which chemical energy storage emerges as one of the most promising options for enabling sea- sonal energy balancing. The core of this work investigates an innovative long duration energy storage and power generation system based on iron as a circular and carbon-neutral energy carrier, which has been modeled and analyzed using Aspen Plus. The reduction of iron oxides, traditionally carried out in the steel industry, is reinterpreted here as the charging phase of the storage cycle, using renewable hydrogen as the reducing agent for hematite. The hematite–hydrogen reaction is examined in depth with the aim of defining the key design criteria for the reduction reactor and consequently, for the overall reduc- tion plant. The discharging phase consists of the oxidation of reduced iron to produce heat through two fluidized bed reactors, one operated with air and one with steam, which efficiently transfer heat to a medium scale combined cycle. The gas turbine is designed for operation with 100% hydrogen fuel and is followed by a heat recovery steam cycle, enabling a fully carbon-free electricity generation process. The proposed system there- fore forms an integrated Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) cycle with no direct CO2 emissions. The performance is assessed both at subsystem level and for the entire pro- cess, demonstrating its efficiency, and a potential integration into future renewable based energy scenarios, where sustainable and long duration storage solutions will be essential to achieve full decarbonization and long-term energy security.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
2025_12_Mazza_Executive_Summary.pdf
accessibile in internet per tutti
Descrizione: Executive Summary
Dimensione
802.03 kB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
802.03 kB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
|
2025_12_Mazza_Tesi.pdf
accessibile in internet per tutti
Descrizione: Tesi
Dimensione
4 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246909