Quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) is one of the main applications of weather radars, as it provides real-time information on the distribution of rainfall with high spatial and temporal resolution. This capability is particularly important for areas such as the basins of the Seveso, Olona, and Lambro rivers analyzed in this study, which due to increasing urbanization are especially exposed to hydrological risks such as flash floods. The recent installation in Lombardy of two X-band (λ ≈ 3cm) dual-polarization radars aims to strengthen the regional monitoring system and improve the forecasting of such events. However, in addition to the intrinsic limitations common to all radar systems, the short wavelengths typical of the X-band are more susceptible to signal attenuation, reducing the accuracy of rainfall estimates during intense precipitation. This study evaluates the possibility of mitigating these limitations through the use of a precipitation estimation relationship based on the specific differential phase shift (KDP), a polarimetric variable that offers several advantages, particularly evident at X-band wavelengths. The calibration of the coefficients was carried out for four rainfall events using two methodologies: a direct one, combining radar and rain gauge observations, and an indirect one, based on disdrometer data. This approach makes it possible to exploit complementary information from different instruments, to derive more consistent and reliable relationships. The results showed that, although some limitations related to radar measurements persist under very intense precipitation conditions, some improvements were achieved through this approach, highlighting its potential for further developments and operational applications.
La stima quantitativa della precipitazione è una delle principali applicazioni dei radar meteorologici, in quanto possono fornire in tempo reale dati sulla distribuzione della precipitazione con elevata risoluzione spaziale e temporale. Questo risulta particolarmente importante per aree come quella dei bacini dei fiumi Seveso, Olona e Lambro, analizzata in questo studio, che a causa della crescente urbanizzazione risultano particolarmente esposte a rischi idrologici come flash floods. La recente installazione in Lombardia di due radar polarimetrici in banda X (λ ≈ 3 cm) è finalizzata al potenziamento del sistema di monitoraggio e alla previsione di tali eventi. Tuttavia, oltre alle limitazioni intrinseche comuni a tutti i sistemi radar, le onde corte tipiche della banda X comportano una maggiore suscettibilità all’attenuazione del segnale, riducendo l’accuratezza delle stime di precipitazione in presenza di piogge intense. Nel presente studio viene valutata la possibilità di mitigare tali criticità mediante l’utilizzo di una relazione per la stima della precipitazione basata sulla differenza di fase specifica (KDP), una variabile polarimetrica che offre diversi vantaggi, particolarmente evidenti alle lunghezze d’onda della banda X. La calibrazione dei coefficienti è stata condotta per quattro eventi utilizzando due metodologie: una diretta, che combina osservazioni radar e pluviometriche, e una indiretta, basata sui dati disdrometrici. Questo approccio consente di sfruttare informazioni provenienti da strumenti diversi, al fine di derivare relazioni più robuste e affidabili. I risultati hanno mostrato che sebbene alcune limitazioni legate alla misura radar permangano in condizioni di precipitazione molto intense, alcuni miglioramenti sono stati raggiunti grazie a questo approccio, evidenziandone il potenziale per futuri miglioramenti e applicazioni operative.
Assessing KDP-based algorithms for quantitative precipitation estimation using two dual-polarization X-band radars in Lombardy
Biffi, Federica
2024/2025
Abstract
Quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) is one of the main applications of weather radars, as it provides real-time information on the distribution of rainfall with high spatial and temporal resolution. This capability is particularly important for areas such as the basins of the Seveso, Olona, and Lambro rivers analyzed in this study, which due to increasing urbanization are especially exposed to hydrological risks such as flash floods. The recent installation in Lombardy of two X-band (λ ≈ 3cm) dual-polarization radars aims to strengthen the regional monitoring system and improve the forecasting of such events. However, in addition to the intrinsic limitations common to all radar systems, the short wavelengths typical of the X-band are more susceptible to signal attenuation, reducing the accuracy of rainfall estimates during intense precipitation. This study evaluates the possibility of mitigating these limitations through the use of a precipitation estimation relationship based on the specific differential phase shift (KDP), a polarimetric variable that offers several advantages, particularly evident at X-band wavelengths. The calibration of the coefficients was carried out for four rainfall events using two methodologies: a direct one, combining radar and rain gauge observations, and an indirect one, based on disdrometer data. This approach makes it possible to exploit complementary information from different instruments, to derive more consistent and reliable relationships. The results showed that, although some limitations related to radar measurements persist under very intense precipitation conditions, some improvements were achieved through this approach, highlighting its potential for further developments and operational applications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246910