Train stability under the effect of crosswind is a crucial safety aspect for the design and certification process of rolling stocks. Crosswind effect is evaluated through both wind tunnel tests and Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations. Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) steady turbulence models are widely used in railway industry, although they are not able to represent largely separated flows typical of high yaw angles. Scale Resolving Simulations such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) can be performed to obtain more accurate results for high yaw angles, but at higher computational cost. This work proposes an alternative CFD methodology based on Scale Resolving Hybrid (SRH) model. SRH is a recently developed hybrid RANS-LES method that allows to simulate turbulent flows at lower computational cost with respect to LES and DES. While traditional hybrid RANS-LES models (as DES) apply the RANS approach only in the boundary layer, the SRH model can also automatically switch between RANS and LES approach in the outer region. The sensitivity of the model to the mesh and the time-step is analysed, evaluating the resolution quality of the simulations by means of the turbulence viscosity ratio. The CFD methodology is validated through the correlation of the aerodynamic coefficients against wind tunnel results, demonstrating an improved accuracy for high yaw angles compared to the current RANS-based methodology. The SRH model is proved to be an efficient application when dealing with limited computational resources.
La stabilità dei treni in presenza di vento traverso è un aspetto fondamentale per la sicurezza, la progettazione e il processo di certificazione del materiale rotabile. L'effetto del vento traverso viene studiato sia in galleria del vento sia attraverso simulazioni numeriche (CFD). I modelli di turbolenza stazionari RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) sono ampiamente utilizzati nell'industria ferroviaria, sebbene non siano in grado di rappresentare flussi complessi e separati, come nel caso di angoli di imbardata elevati. Simulazioni instazionare come Large Eddy Simulation (LES) e Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) possono essere effettuate per ottenere risultati più accurati ad alti angoli di imbardata, ma con maggiori costi di calcolo. Questo progetto propone una metodologia CFD alternativa basata sul modello Scale Resolving Hybrid (SRH). SRH è un modello ibrido RANS-LES sviluppato recentemente che permette di simulare flussi turbolenti a un minor costo computazionale rispetto a LES e DES. Mentre modelli ibridi tradizionali come DES applicano l'approccio RANS solo nello strato limite, il modello SRH può scambiare automaticamente l'approccio RANS o SRH nel flusso esterno. La sensibilità del modello SRH alla discretizzazione spaziale e temporale è stata analizzata, valutando la qualità di risoluzione delle simulazioni con il rapporto di viscosità cinematica turbolenta. La metodologia CFD è stata validata attraverso la correlazione dei coefficienti aerodinamici con i risultati dei test in galleria del vento, dimostrando un migliore accuratezza per angoli di imbardata elevati rispetto alla metodologia attuale basata sulle simulazioni RANS. Si dimostra che il modello SRH è uno strumento efficiente quando le risorse computazionali a disposizione sono limitate.
A hybrid RANS-LES methodology for CFD simulations of crosswind effect on trains aerodynamics
Cattaneo, Jacopo
2024/2025
Abstract
Train stability under the effect of crosswind is a crucial safety aspect for the design and certification process of rolling stocks. Crosswind effect is evaluated through both wind tunnel tests and Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations. Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) steady turbulence models are widely used in railway industry, although they are not able to represent largely separated flows typical of high yaw angles. Scale Resolving Simulations such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) can be performed to obtain more accurate results for high yaw angles, but at higher computational cost. This work proposes an alternative CFD methodology based on Scale Resolving Hybrid (SRH) model. SRH is a recently developed hybrid RANS-LES method that allows to simulate turbulent flows at lower computational cost with respect to LES and DES. While traditional hybrid RANS-LES models (as DES) apply the RANS approach only in the boundary layer, the SRH model can also automatically switch between RANS and LES approach in the outer region. The sensitivity of the model to the mesh and the time-step is analysed, evaluating the resolution quality of the simulations by means of the turbulence viscosity ratio. The CFD methodology is validated through the correlation of the aerodynamic coefficients against wind tunnel results, demonstrating an improved accuracy for high yaw angles compared to the current RANS-based methodology. The SRH model is proved to be an efficient application when dealing with limited computational resources.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Cattaneo_Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246934