The widespread use of Flexible Working Arrangements (FWAs) has changed profoundly the way of working, increasing the interests of academics and practitioners, especially after the pandemic. However, the empirical evidence is diverging, leaving many questions unanswered about the effect that working flexibility may have on organizations and individuals in terms of well-being. To fill this gap, this research studies the effects of two work flexibility practices – Smart Working and Day-Off – on employees’ wellbeing - described by the constructs Work Engagement, Work-Life Balance and Burnout, empirically analyzing the moderating role of perceived Autonomy, Boundary Control and the individual need for flexibility. Deriving from the Job Demands-Resources Model (JD-R), Boundary and Border Theories, Signalling Theory and Social Exchange Theory (SET), the studied hypotheses state that flexibility practices work in terms of well-being only if they allow for self-regulation, effective border management, and adaptation to personal needs, thus accordingly designed. To test these hypotheses, a longitudinal study was conducted through a two-waves survey administered to the employees operating for a company that will be called Lambda. Constructs were measured using validated psychometric scales, and hypotheses were tested using hierarchical longitudinal regression models with R. The results concerning Smart Working, which is widely adopted today, show contrasting effects. The most relevant results are the positive effect of the practice adoption on Work-Life Balance and the negative ones on Burnout, but recorded only in the complete model, when supported by psychological resources and aligned to needs. For Work Engagement, contrary to expectations of improvement, a slight decline is observed—likely reflecting healthier engagement driven by reduced Burnout and the avoidance of excessive absorption. In contrast, Day-Off shows no direct and significant effect on well-being, suggesting that new forms of flexibility require time, communication, and structural support to generate benefits. In summary, employee wellbeing does not improve automatically with FWAs adoption, but it is dependable on the individual perception and the organizational design of the flexible practice.
L'uso diffuso di accordi di lavoro flessibili (FWA) ha cambiato profondamente il modo di lavorare, attirando l’interesse di accademici e professionisti, soprattutto dopo la pandemia. Tuttavia, le evidenze empiriche sono divergenti, lasciando molte domande senza risposta sull'effetto che la flessibilità lavorativa può avere sulle organizzazioni e sugli individui in termini di benessere. Per colmare tale divario, questa ricerca studia gli effetti di due pratiche di flessibilità lavorativa – Smart Working e Day-Off – sul benessere dei dipendenti - descritte dai costrutti Work Engagement, Work-Life Balance e Burnout, analizzando empiricamente il ruolo moderatore dell'Autonomia percepita, del Boundary Control e del bisogno individuale di flessibilità. Derivando dal Job Demands-Resources Model (JD-R), Boundary and Border Theories, Signalling Theory and Social Exchange Theory (SET), le ipotesi studiate affermano che le pratiche di flessibilità funzionano in termini di benessere solo se consentono l'autoregolamentazione, la gestione efficace delle frontiere e l'adattamento ai bisogni personali, quindi progettate di conseguenza. Per verificare queste ipotesi, è stato condotto uno studio longitudinale attraverso un'indagine a due ondate somministrata ai dipendenti che operano per un'azienda che si chiamerà Lambda. I costrutti sono stati misurati utilizzando scale psicometriche convalidate e le ipotesi sono state testate utilizzando modelli di regressione longitudinale gerarchica con R. I risultati relativi allo Smart Working, oggi largamente adottato, mostrano effetti contrastanti. I risultati più rilevanti sono l'effetto positivo dell'adozione della pratica sul Work-Life Balance e quelli negativi sul Burnout, ma registrati solo nel modello completo, quando supportati da risorse psicologiche e allineati ai bisogni. Per Work Engagement, contrariamente alle aspettative di miglioramento, si osserva un leggero calo, probabilmente riflettendo un impegno più sano guidato da una riduzione del Burnout e dall'evitare un assorbimento eccessivo. Al contrario, il Day-Off non mostra alcun effetto diretto e significativo sul benessere, suggerendo che le nuove forme di flessibilità richiedono tempo, comunicazione e supporto strutturale per generare benefici. In sintesi, il benessere dei dipendenti non migliora automaticamente con l'adozione degli FWA, ma dipende dalla percezione individuale e dal design organizzativo della pratica flessibile.
From policy to practice: a longitudinal study to understand when flexibility fails and when it works
AGOSTINELLI, LAURA MARIA;Fiorenzi, Alessandro
2024/2025
Abstract
The widespread use of Flexible Working Arrangements (FWAs) has changed profoundly the way of working, increasing the interests of academics and practitioners, especially after the pandemic. However, the empirical evidence is diverging, leaving many questions unanswered about the effect that working flexibility may have on organizations and individuals in terms of well-being. To fill this gap, this research studies the effects of two work flexibility practices – Smart Working and Day-Off – on employees’ wellbeing - described by the constructs Work Engagement, Work-Life Balance and Burnout, empirically analyzing the moderating role of perceived Autonomy, Boundary Control and the individual need for flexibility. Deriving from the Job Demands-Resources Model (JD-R), Boundary and Border Theories, Signalling Theory and Social Exchange Theory (SET), the studied hypotheses state that flexibility practices work in terms of well-being only if they allow for self-regulation, effective border management, and adaptation to personal needs, thus accordingly designed. To test these hypotheses, a longitudinal study was conducted through a two-waves survey administered to the employees operating for a company that will be called Lambda. Constructs were measured using validated psychometric scales, and hypotheses were tested using hierarchical longitudinal regression models with R. The results concerning Smart Working, which is widely adopted today, show contrasting effects. The most relevant results are the positive effect of the practice adoption on Work-Life Balance and the negative ones on Burnout, but recorded only in the complete model, when supported by psychological resources and aligned to needs. For Work Engagement, contrary to expectations of improvement, a slight decline is observed—likely reflecting healthier engagement driven by reduced Burnout and the avoidance of excessive absorption. In contrast, Day-Off shows no direct and significant effect on well-being, suggesting that new forms of flexibility require time, communication, and structural support to generate benefits. In summary, employee wellbeing does not improve automatically with FWAs adoption, but it is dependable on the individual perception and the organizational design of the flexible practice.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
2025_12_Agostinelli_Fiorenzi_Executive Summary.pdf
non accessibile
Descrizione: Executive Summary
Dimensione
944.61 kB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
944.61 kB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
|
2025_12_Agostinelli_Fiorenzi_Tesi.pdf
non accessibile
Descrizione: Tesi
Dimensione
1.72 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
1.72 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246939