A Family Office (FO) is an organizational entity owned by one or more wealthy families and primarily dedicated to managing their assets and preserving their long-term financial and socioemotional endowment. Despite increasing scholarly interest and their rapid growth worldwide, literature on FOs is still surprisingly scarce and in its infancy. Responding to recent calls for research on FO heterogeneity, this thesis investigates one of its most relevant yet understudied dimensions: the generational status of the Family Office, distinguishing between first-generation and later-generation FOs. Building on theoretical frameworks such as Socioemotional Wealth (SEW), Pecking Order Theory and Trade-Off Theory, this study examines whether and through which mechanisms FO generation influences the growth of start-ups in which they invest. To address this question, a novel dataset combining 222 Family Offices with 103,960 firm-year observations was deployed, focusing exclusively on each FO’s first entry into a start-up. The empirical strategy integrates Propensity Score Matching (PSM) with an ANCOVA model to separate post-investment effects from pre-existing differences in the companies selected by different FO generations. Initial regressions suggest that later-generation FOs are associated with higher long-term debt, greater invested capital, lower equity, and reduced liquidity within their portfolio firms. However, after correcting for selection through PSM and robustness checks, including an analysis restricted to Single Family Offices (SFOs), these effects systematically disappear. This confirms that the generational factor does not exert a causal post-investment influence on start-up performance, but rather shapes the characteristics of the companies that FOs choose to back. Later-generation FOs tend to select start-ups already characterized by long-term financing structures, even at the cost of short-term accounting losses, consistent with long-term orientation and SEW preservation motives. They also prefer firms that rapidly reinvest their available liquidity. By empirically isolating this selection effect, the thesis contributes to the emerging literature on Family Offices demonstrating that generational heterogeneity matters primarily at the investment selection stage rather than through post-investment strategic influence.
Un Family Office (FO) è un’entità organizzativa di proprietà di una o più famiglie facoltose, dedicata principalmente alla gestione dei loro asset e alla preservazione del loro patrimonio finanziario e socioemotivo di lungo periodo. Nonostante il crescente interesse accademico e la loro rapida espansione a livello globale, la letteratura sui FOs è ancora sorprendentemente scarsa. Rispondendo ai recenti inviti a investigare l’eterogeneità dei FOs, questa tesi esamina una delle sue dimensioni più rilevanti ma ancora poco studiate: lo status generazionale del Family Office, distinguendo tra FOs di prima generazione e di generazioni successive. Basandosi su fondamenti teorici come la Socioemotional Wealth (SEW), la Pecking Order Theory e la Trade-Off Theory, questo studio analizza se e attraverso quali meccanismi la generazione del FO influenzi la crescita delle start-up in cui esso investe. Per affrontare la ricerca, è stato utilizzato un dataset che combina 222 Family Offices e 103.960 osservazioni firm-year, concentrandosi esclusivamente sul primo ingresso di ciascun FO in una start-up. La strategia empirica integra il Propensity Score Matching (PSM) con un modello ANCOVA per separare gli effetti post-investimento dalle differenze preesistenti nelle imprese selezionate dalle diverse generazioni di FOs. Le regressioni iniziali suggeriscono che i FOs di generazioni successive sono associati a un maggiore debito a lungo termine, a un capitale investito più elevato, a un minor patrimonio netto e ad una ridotta liquidità nelle imprese presenti nel loro portafoglio. Tuttavia, dopo aver mitigato l’effetto selezione tramite PSM e aver effettuato controlli di robustezza, inclusa un’analisi limitata solamente ai Single Family Offices (SFOs), questi effetti scompaiono sistematicamente. Ciò conferma che il fattore generazionale non esercita un’influenza causale post-investimento sulla performance delle start-up, ma piuttosto determina le caratteristiche delle imprese in cui i FOs scelgono di investire. I FOs di generazioni successive tendono infatti a selezionare start-up già caratterizzate da strutture di finanziamento a lungo termine, anche al costo di accettare maggiori perdite di breve periodo, in linea con un orientamento di lungo termine e con una logica di preservazione della Socioemotional Wealth. Essi preferiscono inoltre imprese che reinvestono rapidamente la liquidità disponibile. Isolando empiricamente questo effetto di selezione, la tesi contribuisce alla letteratura emergente sui Family Offices dimostrando che l’eterogeneità generazionale conta principalmente nella fase di selezione dell’investimento, più che attraverso un’influenza strategica post-investimento.
Family office and start-up growth: a generational perspective
ATTERRATO, NICOLAS
2024/2025
Abstract
A Family Office (FO) is an organizational entity owned by one or more wealthy families and primarily dedicated to managing their assets and preserving their long-term financial and socioemotional endowment. Despite increasing scholarly interest and their rapid growth worldwide, literature on FOs is still surprisingly scarce and in its infancy. Responding to recent calls for research on FO heterogeneity, this thesis investigates one of its most relevant yet understudied dimensions: the generational status of the Family Office, distinguishing between first-generation and later-generation FOs. Building on theoretical frameworks such as Socioemotional Wealth (SEW), Pecking Order Theory and Trade-Off Theory, this study examines whether and through which mechanisms FO generation influences the growth of start-ups in which they invest. To address this question, a novel dataset combining 222 Family Offices with 103,960 firm-year observations was deployed, focusing exclusively on each FO’s first entry into a start-up. The empirical strategy integrates Propensity Score Matching (PSM) with an ANCOVA model to separate post-investment effects from pre-existing differences in the companies selected by different FO generations. Initial regressions suggest that later-generation FOs are associated with higher long-term debt, greater invested capital, lower equity, and reduced liquidity within their portfolio firms. However, after correcting for selection through PSM and robustness checks, including an analysis restricted to Single Family Offices (SFOs), these effects systematically disappear. This confirms that the generational factor does not exert a causal post-investment influence on start-up performance, but rather shapes the characteristics of the companies that FOs choose to back. Later-generation FOs tend to select start-ups already characterized by long-term financing structures, even at the cost of short-term accounting losses, consistent with long-term orientation and SEW preservation motives. They also prefer firms that rapidly reinvest their available liquidity. By empirically isolating this selection effect, the thesis contributes to the emerging literature on Family Offices demonstrating that generational heterogeneity matters primarily at the investment selection stage rather than through post-investment strategic influence.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246960