The increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its contribution to climate change has driven to the development of technologies for carbon capture, utilization, and storage. Among these, the Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) reaction offers a promising route to convert CO2 into valuable syngas, which can be subsequently used as a feedstock for other commodities, as methanol and other fuels. This thesis focuses on the detailed modeling and simulation of an electrified RWGS reactor and its integration into a process simulation framework. Electrification is an enabling technology for RWGS, an high temperature-endothermic process to allow to deliver heat of reaction without net CO2 emissions. A two-dimensional reactor model was developed by coupling kinetic rate expressions with axial and radial mass and energy balances. It is considered a reactor layout where Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst pellets are packed in a Si–SiC foam, which provides heat to the system through Joule heating. The model considers detailed transport and kinetic phenomena, including side reactions such as CO and CO2 methanation, and evaluates the impact of operating conditions on conversion and selectivity. A series of simulations were carried out using the reactor model while varying the overall heat transfer coefficient. The results have shown that for values of U lower than 15 W m2K the radial temperature profile inside the industrial sized reactors remains essentially flat and the heat losses to the environment are negligible. Additional simulations in which the reactor length was varied indicated that shorter reactors are preferable to overcome pressure drop issues. The reactor model was integrated with a DWSIM process simulation, to assess syngas production and its subsequent conversion to methanol. Several simulations were performed to identify the optimal gas hourly space velocity and aspect ratio. The results have shown that an aspect ratio of one is the most suitable for this reactor configuration and that operating at a GHSV of 20 Nm3 kgcat h offers the best compromise between performance and power requirement. A comparison was made between a two-step process, RWGS followed by methanol synthesis and direct CO2-to-methanol hydrogenation. Results demonstrate that the two-step process enhances methanol yield and reduces water production in the methanol reactor, improving catalyst lifetime and overall process efficiency. This work provides insights into the optimization of RWGS-based CO2 utilization, offering a detailed methodology for reactor and process design, and highlights the potential of electrified reactors in sustainable chemical production.
L’aumento della concentrazione di anidride carbonica nell’atmosfera e il suo contributo al cambiamento climatico hanno stimolato lo sviluppo di tecnologie per la cattura, l’utilizzo e lo stoccaggio della CO2. Tra queste, la reazione di Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) rappresenta una via promettente per convertire la CO2 in syngas, utilizzabile successivamente come materia prima per la produzione di metanolo e altri combustibili. Questa tesi si concentra sulla modellazione dettagliata e sulla simulazione di un reattore RWGS elettrificato e sulla sua integrazione in un framework di simulazione di processo. L’elettrificazione è una tecnologia abilitante per la reazione di RWGS, un processo endotermico ad alta temperatura, poiché consente di fornire il calore alla reazione senza generare emissioni nette di CO2. È stato sviluppato un modello di reattore bidimensionale accoppiando espressioni cinetiche con bilanci di massa ed energia lungo le direzioni assiale e radiale. È stato considerato un reattore caricato con pellet di catalizzatore a base di Ni/MgAl2O4, inseriti all’interno di una schiuma di Si–SiC, la quale fornisce calore al sistema tramite effetto Joule. Il modello descrive accuratamente fenomeni di trasporto e cinetica di reazione, comprendendo reazioni secondarie come la metanazione di CO e CO2, e valuta l’impatto delle condizioni operative su conversione e selettività. Una serie di simulazioni sono state condotte variando il coefficiente globale di scambio termico. I risultati mostrano che per valori di U inferiori a 15 W m2K il profilo radiale di temperatura all’interno del reattore rimane sostanzialmente uniforme e le perdite di calore verso l’ambiente sono trascurabili. Ulteriori simulazioni, in cui è stata variata la lunghezza del reattore, indicano che configurazioni più corte sono preferibili per superare problemi relativi alle perdite di carico. Il modello del reattore è stato quindi integrato in una simulazione di processo in DWSIM, al fine di valutare la produzione di syngas e la sua successiva conversione in metanolo. Sono state eseguite diverse simulazioni per individuare la spaziale (GHSV) e l’aspect ratio ottimali. I risultati mostrano che un aspect ratio pari a 1 è più adatto per questa configurazione e che operare ad una GHSV di 20 Nm3 kgcat h rappresenta il miglior compromesso tra prestazioni e fabisogno energetico. Inoltre è stato effettuato un confronto tra un processo in due stadi (RWGS seguita dalla sintesi di metanolo) e la sintesi diretta di metanolo da CO2. I risultati mostrano che il processo in due fasi migliora la resa di metanolo e riduce la produzione di acqua nel reattore, migliorando le vita del catalizzatore e l’efficienza complessiva del processo. Questo lavoro fornisce indicazioni per l’ottimizzazione dell’utilizzo della CO2 tramite RWGS, proponendo una metodologia dettagliata per la progettazione di reattori e processi, e sottolinea il potenziale dei reattori elettrificati nella produzione chimica sostenibile.
Reactor modeling and process analysis of electrified Reverse Water Gas Shift
Andrè, Umberto
2024/2025
Abstract
The increasing concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and its contribution to climate change has driven to the development of technologies for carbon capture, utilization, and storage. Among these, the Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) reaction offers a promising route to convert CO2 into valuable syngas, which can be subsequently used as a feedstock for other commodities, as methanol and other fuels. This thesis focuses on the detailed modeling and simulation of an electrified RWGS reactor and its integration into a process simulation framework. Electrification is an enabling technology for RWGS, an high temperature-endothermic process to allow to deliver heat of reaction without net CO2 emissions. A two-dimensional reactor model was developed by coupling kinetic rate expressions with axial and radial mass and energy balances. It is considered a reactor layout where Ni/MgAl2O4 catalyst pellets are packed in a Si–SiC foam, which provides heat to the system through Joule heating. The model considers detailed transport and kinetic phenomena, including side reactions such as CO and CO2 methanation, and evaluates the impact of operating conditions on conversion and selectivity. A series of simulations were carried out using the reactor model while varying the overall heat transfer coefficient. The results have shown that for values of U lower than 15 W m2K the radial temperature profile inside the industrial sized reactors remains essentially flat and the heat losses to the environment are negligible. Additional simulations in which the reactor length was varied indicated that shorter reactors are preferable to overcome pressure drop issues. The reactor model was integrated with a DWSIM process simulation, to assess syngas production and its subsequent conversion to methanol. Several simulations were performed to identify the optimal gas hourly space velocity and aspect ratio. The results have shown that an aspect ratio of one is the most suitable for this reactor configuration and that operating at a GHSV of 20 Nm3 kgcat h offers the best compromise between performance and power requirement. A comparison was made between a two-step process, RWGS followed by methanol synthesis and direct CO2-to-methanol hydrogenation. Results demonstrate that the two-step process enhances methanol yield and reduces water production in the methanol reactor, improving catalyst lifetime and overall process efficiency. This work provides insights into the optimization of RWGS-based CO2 utilization, offering a detailed methodology for reactor and process design, and highlights the potential of electrified reactors in sustainable chemical production.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Thesis_Umberto_André.pdf
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Executive_Summary_Tesi_Umberto_Andrè (2).pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/246992