This thesis investigates the main determinants of cross-border remittances costs and how innovation, competition and ultimately regulation shape payment efficiency. Using the data provided by the World Bank’s Remittance Prices Worldwide database (from January 2023 until September 2024) this study leverages on the use of econometric analysis integrating tools such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) models and heteroskedasticity-consistent (HC3) corrections focusing in two distinct corridors: United States of America-Mexico and Great Britain-Philippines. This selection was made due to their contrasting structural regulatory contexts and their large amount of available data. The former represents a mature high-volume, mainly composed by traditional stakeholders while the latter an emerging digitally driven ecosystem. The cost drivers identified by the quantitative analysis include payment instruments, pickup method, receiving network coverage, transaction speed and firm type. Results show the capacity of specialized providers to offer constantly lowered transaction fees compared to banks, while digital and account-based methods tend to outperform cash-based transfers. The U.S.–Mexico corridor exhibits high predictability and incremental digitalization led by established institutions. On the other hand, the G.B.–Philippines corridor presents greater variability but provides interesting insights due to its stronger Fintech penetration and policy-driven innovation, demonstrating how disruptive innovation outpaces incremental innovation even in structurally less competitive markets. Ultimately, the document recommends expanding empirical research to additional corridors, integrating macroeconomic and behavioral variables, and comparing emerging technologies such as Distributed Ledger Technologies, Stablecoins, and CBDCs as options to compete in the market and reduce transaction costs.
Questa tesi analizza le principali determinanti dei costi delle rimesse transfrontaliere (i.e. cross-border payments) e il modo in cui l’innovazione, la competizione e, in ultima analisi, la regolamentazione influenzano l’efficienza dei pagamenti. Utilizzando i dati forniti dal database Remittance Prices Worldwide della Banca Mondiale (da gennaio 2023 a settembre 2024), lo studio si basa su un’analisi econometrica che integra strumenti quali i modelli dei Ordinary Least Square (OLS) e le correzioni eteroschedastiche coerenti (HC3), concentrandosi su due corridoi distinti: Stati Uniti–Messico e Regno Unito–Filippine. Tale selezione è stata effettuata per via dei loro differenti contesti strutturali e normativi e per la grande quantità di dati disponibili. Il primo rappresenta un mercato maturo ad alto volume, composto principalmente da operatori tradizionali, mentre il secondo un ecosistema emergente e fortemente orientato al digitale. I fattori di costo identificati dall’analisi quantitativa includono lo strumento di pagamento, il metodo di riscossione, la copertura della rete di ricezione, la velocità della transazione e la tipologia di operatore. I risultati mostrano la capacità dei fornitori specializzati di offrire commissioni di transazione costantemente inferiori rispetto alle banche, mentre i metodi digitali e basati su conto tendono a superare in efficienza i trasferimenti in contanti. Il corridoio Stati Uniti–Messico presenta un’elevata prevedibilità e un processo di digitalizzazione incrementale guidato da istituzioni consolidate. Al contrario, il corridoio Regno Unito–Filippine mostra una maggiore variabilità ma offre spunti significativi grazie alla forte penetrazione delle Fintech e all’innovazione trainata dalle politiche pubbliche, dimostrando come l’innovazione disruptive possa superare quella incrementale anche in mercati strutturalmente meno competitivi. Infine, il documento raccomanda di ampliare la ricerca empirica ad altri corridoi, integrando variabili macroeconomiche e comportamentali, e di confrontare tecnologie emergenti come le Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT), le Stablecoin e le CBDC come possibili alternative per competere nel mercato e ridurre i costi di transazione.
Innovative payments - bridging borders: quantitative insights into the global remittance market
Gomez Gaitan, Rodolfo Antonio
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis investigates the main determinants of cross-border remittances costs and how innovation, competition and ultimately regulation shape payment efficiency. Using the data provided by the World Bank’s Remittance Prices Worldwide database (from January 2023 until September 2024) this study leverages on the use of econometric analysis integrating tools such as Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) models and heteroskedasticity-consistent (HC3) corrections focusing in two distinct corridors: United States of America-Mexico and Great Britain-Philippines. This selection was made due to their contrasting structural regulatory contexts and their large amount of available data. The former represents a mature high-volume, mainly composed by traditional stakeholders while the latter an emerging digitally driven ecosystem. The cost drivers identified by the quantitative analysis include payment instruments, pickup method, receiving network coverage, transaction speed and firm type. Results show the capacity of specialized providers to offer constantly lowered transaction fees compared to banks, while digital and account-based methods tend to outperform cash-based transfers. The U.S.–Mexico corridor exhibits high predictability and incremental digitalization led by established institutions. On the other hand, the G.B.–Philippines corridor presents greater variability but provides interesting insights due to its stronger Fintech penetration and policy-driven innovation, demonstrating how disruptive innovation outpaces incremental innovation even in structurally less competitive markets. Ultimately, the document recommends expanding empirical research to additional corridors, integrating macroeconomic and behavioral variables, and comparing emerging technologies such as Distributed Ledger Technologies, Stablecoins, and CBDCs as options to compete in the market and reduce transaction costs.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Innovative Payments - Bridging Borders Quantitative Insights into the Global Remittance Market.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247009