This thesis assesses the viability and sustainability of European banks’ business models through the supervisory perspective provided by the Pillar 2 Requirement (P2R), a key output of the Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP). Since the P2R reflects the supervisor’s holistic and forward-looking judgment, it offers a unique opportunity to evaluate whether supervisory assessments align with the evidence emerging from the business-model literature. Using an original panel dataset of listed Significant Institutions (SIs) for 2017–2025—compiled from Refinitiv Eikon and Pillar 3 disclosures—the study examines how profitability, risk profile, funding structure, and business-model characteristics influence the bank-specific P2R. The analysis proceeds in three stages. A cluster analysis identifies two strategic archetypes—retail-oriented and universal/market-oriented banks—consistent with established taxonomies. Hypothesis tests reveal that, contrary to expectations, retail-oriented institutions face higher average P2R levels. A Mundlak correlated random-effects model further shows that short-run adjustments in P2R are primarily driven by fluctuations in asset quality, whereas in the long run also profitability and size emerge as structural determinants of P2R. Size, in particular, is the determinant that accounts for the difference in average P2R levels observed between the two business-model groups. Business-model indicators such as wholesale funding and trading assets are not significant long-run drivers, suggesting that the ECB does not consider SIs’ business models inherently safer or riskier; instead, supervisory judgments seem to depend on the effectiveness of risk management, earnings stability, and economies of scale. The size effect, whereby larger banks tend to receive lower P2R, may reflect supervisory recognition of economies of scale in risk management, the presence of systemic buffers that already address size-related risks, or the broader ECB policy stance supporting consolidation to create more resilient pan-European institutions. The study is limited by its focus on listed SIs, which may differ structurally from the broader European banking population. Future research could extend the scope to non-listed SIs and Less Significant Institutions (LSIs), employ more granular clustering techniques, and explore potential non-linearities in the determinants of P2R.
Questa tesi studia la solidità e la sostenibilità dei modelli di business delle banche europee attraverso la prospettiva del supervisore offerta dal Pillar 2 Requirement (P2R), uno dei principali esiti del Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP). Poiché il P2R riflette il giudizio olistico e prospettico del supervisore, esso rappresenta un’opportunità per analizzare se le valutazioni di vigilanza risultino coerenti con le evidenze emerse dalla letteratura sui modelli di business bancari. Utilizzando un dataset panel di Significant Institutions (SIs) quotate per il periodo 2017–2025—costruito combinando dati da Refinitiv Eikon e dai report di Pilastro 3—lo studio esamina in che modo redditività, profilo di rischio, struttura di raccolta e caratteristiche del modello di business influenzino il P2R. L’analisi si articola in tre fasi. Una cluster analysis identifica due archetipi strategici, banche retail-oriented e banche universal/market-oriented, in linea con le tassonomie consolidate. Test parametrici e non parametrici mostrano che, in contrasto con le aspettative, le istituzioni retail-oriented presentano livelli medi di P2R più elevati. Infine, una regressione Mundlak evidenzia che, nel breve periodo, gli aggiustamenti del P2R sono guidati soprattutto da variazioni nella qualità degli attivi, mentre nel lungo periodo anche la redditività e la dimensione risultano determinanti strutturali del P2R. In particolare, la dimensione è ciò che spiega la differenza di P2R tra i due gruppi. Invece, gli indicatori legati al modello di business, come la quota di passività wholesale e il volume di trading assets, non risultano significativi, suggerendo che la BCE non consideri i modelli di business delle SIs intrinsecamente più sicuri o rischiosi. Al contrario, i giudizi di vigilanza sembrano dipendere dall’efficacia della gestione dei rischi, dalla stabilità degli utili e dalle economie di scala operative. L’effetto dimensionale, per cui banche più grandi che ricevono P2R inferiori, può riflettere il riconoscimento di economie di scala nel risk management, la contemporanea presenza di buffer sistemici o l’orientamento della BCE a favore della consolidazione per creare istituzioni paneuropee più resilienti. Le evidenze sono tuttavia limitate dal focus sulle SIs quotate, che potrebbero differire strutturalmente dal resto del sistema bancario europeo. Ricerche future potrebbero estendere l’analisi alle SIs non quotate e alle Less Significant Institutions (LSIs), adottare metodologie di clustering più granulari ed esplorare eventuali non linearità nei determinanti del P2R.
Viability and sustainability analysis of european banks business models leveraging the ECB supervisory perspective
PAPA, MATTEO
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis assesses the viability and sustainability of European banks’ business models through the supervisory perspective provided by the Pillar 2 Requirement (P2R), a key output of the Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (SREP). Since the P2R reflects the supervisor’s holistic and forward-looking judgment, it offers a unique opportunity to evaluate whether supervisory assessments align with the evidence emerging from the business-model literature. Using an original panel dataset of listed Significant Institutions (SIs) for 2017–2025—compiled from Refinitiv Eikon and Pillar 3 disclosures—the study examines how profitability, risk profile, funding structure, and business-model characteristics influence the bank-specific P2R. The analysis proceeds in three stages. A cluster analysis identifies two strategic archetypes—retail-oriented and universal/market-oriented banks—consistent with established taxonomies. Hypothesis tests reveal that, contrary to expectations, retail-oriented institutions face higher average P2R levels. A Mundlak correlated random-effects model further shows that short-run adjustments in P2R are primarily driven by fluctuations in asset quality, whereas in the long run also profitability and size emerge as structural determinants of P2R. Size, in particular, is the determinant that accounts for the difference in average P2R levels observed between the two business-model groups. Business-model indicators such as wholesale funding and trading assets are not significant long-run drivers, suggesting that the ECB does not consider SIs’ business models inherently safer or riskier; instead, supervisory judgments seem to depend on the effectiveness of risk management, earnings stability, and economies of scale. The size effect, whereby larger banks tend to receive lower P2R, may reflect supervisory recognition of economies of scale in risk management, the presence of systemic buffers that already address size-related risks, or the broader ECB policy stance supporting consolidation to create more resilient pan-European institutions. The study is limited by its focus on listed SIs, which may differ structurally from the broader European banking population. Future research could extend the scope to non-listed SIs and Less Significant Institutions (LSIs), employ more granular clustering techniques, and explore potential non-linearities in the determinants of P2R.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247037