This thesis investigates the energy harvesting performance of fly-gen Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES) in offshore environments. Fly-gen AWES, called windplanes here, consist of a fixed-wing aircraft connected to a base station through a tether, which has both a structural and an electrical component, and harvest wind power with small onboard turbines while flying crosswind trajectories. Offshore applications offer stronger and more persistent wind resources, but deep-water conditions require wind-energy systems to operate on floating platforms. In this context, windplanes can improve offshore feasibility, as their lightweight airborne architecture allows the use of smaller and potentially more economical floaters than those needed for conventional turbines. This work examines the dynamic coupling between the windplane and the floater, assessing the influence of platform motion on windplane trajectories and power production. A dynamic model is developed incorporating the base–windplane kinematic chain, aerodynamic loading, altitude-dependent wind, and rigid and elastic tether representations. A frequencydomain optimal control framework is adopted: states and control inputs are parametrised using truncated Fourier series, and the equations of motion are solved through the Harmonic Balance method, embedding periodicity and reducing optimisation dimensionality. A new procedure identifies a common fundamental frequency, enabling a unified periodic formulation for both windplane and platform dynamics. The analysis first considers a fixed base, quantifying the influence of modelling assumptions and environmental conditions. The coupled floater–windplane behaviour is then studied by prescribing base motions with varying amplitudes, frequencies, and directions. The platform motion induces mechanical energy exchange with the windplane that can be partially harvested, enhancing power production. This thesis provides an effective framework for computing and analysing optimal periodic AWES trajectories with a moving base station and clarifies the mechanisms governing their coupled dynamics.
La tesi analizza le prestazioni energetiche di Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES) di tipo fly-gen in ambiente offshore. Un AWES fly-gen consiste in un velivolo (ventoplano) ad ala rigida collegato a una stazione di base tramite un cavo elettrico e dotato di turbine che producono energia durante il volo lungo traiettorie trasversali al vento (crosswind). Rispetto alle turbine eoliche convenzionali, gli AWES possono raggiungere quote maggiori, dove il vento è più intenso e stabile, con un’infrastruttura ridotta. L’offshore risulta particolarmente vantaggioso per via dei venti più forti, e l’assenza della torre elimina vincoli strutturali sulla piattaforma galleggiante e sull’ancoraggio. Il lavoro studia l’accoppiamento dinamico tra piattaforma (boa) e ventoplano, valutando l’influenza del moto della piattaforma sulla dinamica dell’AWES e sulla produzione energetica. È stato sviluppato un modello dinamico che include la catena cinematica boa–velivolo, le forze aerodinamiche, un profilo di vento variabile con l’altitudine e diverse modellazioni del cavo, rigido e flessibile. È stato inoltre formulato un problema di ottimizzazione nel dominio delle frequenze, in cui stati e controlli sono rappresentati tramite serie di Fourier e la dinamica è imposta con il metodo dell’harmonic balance, incorporando il vincolo di periodicità e riducendo la complessità del problema. Una nuova procedura consente di esprimere le variabili della boa e del velivolo tramite un’unica frequenza fondamentale. L’analisi considera prima la piattaforma fissa, per quantificare l’influenza delle assunzioni modellistiche e delle condizioni ambientali. Successivamente, l’interazione boa–velivolo è studiata imponendo movimenti alla piattaforma con diverse ampiezze, frequenze e direzioni. I risultati mostrano che il moto della piattaforma introduce uno scambio di energia meccanica che può essere sfruttato per aumentare la produzione di energia. La tesi fornisce un framework per l’analisi delle traiettorie ottimali di AWES in presenza del moto della piattaforma galleggiante e intuizioni sui meccanismi di accoppiamento dinamico tra ventoplano e boa.
Optimal periodic trajectories of airborne wind energy systems with oscillating base station
Zoller, Fabio
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis investigates the energy harvesting performance of fly-gen Airborne Wind Energy Systems (AWES) in offshore environments. Fly-gen AWES, called windplanes here, consist of a fixed-wing aircraft connected to a base station through a tether, which has both a structural and an electrical component, and harvest wind power with small onboard turbines while flying crosswind trajectories. Offshore applications offer stronger and more persistent wind resources, but deep-water conditions require wind-energy systems to operate on floating platforms. In this context, windplanes can improve offshore feasibility, as their lightweight airborne architecture allows the use of smaller and potentially more economical floaters than those needed for conventional turbines. This work examines the dynamic coupling between the windplane and the floater, assessing the influence of platform motion on windplane trajectories and power production. A dynamic model is developed incorporating the base–windplane kinematic chain, aerodynamic loading, altitude-dependent wind, and rigid and elastic tether representations. A frequencydomain optimal control framework is adopted: states and control inputs are parametrised using truncated Fourier series, and the equations of motion are solved through the Harmonic Balance method, embedding periodicity and reducing optimisation dimensionality. A new procedure identifies a common fundamental frequency, enabling a unified periodic formulation for both windplane and platform dynamics. The analysis first considers a fixed base, quantifying the influence of modelling assumptions and environmental conditions. The coupled floater–windplane behaviour is then studied by prescribing base motions with varying amplitudes, frequencies, and directions. The platform motion induces mechanical energy exchange with the windplane that can be partially harvested, enhancing power production. This thesis provides an effective framework for computing and analysing optimal periodic AWES trajectories with a moving base station and clarifies the mechanisms governing their coupled dynamics.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247064