Pancreatoduodenectomy remains one of the most complex and high risk operations in abdominal surgery. Among its postoperative complications, the pancreatic fistula (POPF) represents the most critical challenge. The occurrence of POPF not only depends on the mechanical properties of the pancreas but is also strongly influenced by the surgeon’s experience. However, soft pancreatic consistency has been identified as a major risk factor for this complication. In this study, the pancreatic district, composed by the parenchyma, the Wirsung duct, and the jejunum, is mechanically characterized. Indentation and compression tests are performed on the parenchyma, revealing elastic moduli of 2.05±1.11 kPa and 120.62±78.62 kPa, respectively, while suture retention tests reveal pull out forces of 2.96±1.71 N. The jejunum is similarly tested, showing a compression modulus of 5.6±3.20 kPa and pull out forces of 4.03±1.02 N. Finally, a ring test provides the elastic modulus, ultimate stress and strain values of the Wirsung duct, respectively 4701.47±4553.19 kPa, 708.55±445.76 kPa, and 0.473±0.40. Based on these findings, a pancreatic phantom is developed to simulate the pancreatojejunostomy. The model consists of a high-concentration gellan gum parenchyma embedding a bioink duct and a silicone jejunum. Experienced pancreatic surgeons evaluated two phantoms with distinct consistencies. Each surgeon performed the anastomosis and completed a questionnaire assessing suturability, tactile feedback, and suture-holding strength of both the parenchyma and the duct. The results confirmed the phantom as a realistic and effective tool for training on soft pancreatic tissue.
La pancreatoduodenectomia rappresenta una delle operazioni a più alto rischio della chirurgia addominale. Tra le complicanze postoperatorie, la fistola pancreatica (POPF) costituisce la sfida più complessa. L’insorgenza della POPF dipende non solo dalle proprietà meccaniche del pancreas, ma è anche influenzata dall’esperienza del chirurgo. Tuttavia, un pancreas di consistenza "soft" è stato identificato come un fattore di rischio rilevante. In questo studio è stata effettuata la caratterizzazione meccanica del distretto pancreatico, costituito dal parenchima, dotto di Wirsung e digiuno. Sono state eseguite prove di indentazione e compressione sul parenchima, che hanno riportato moduli elastici pari a 2.05±1.11 kPa e 120.63±78.62 kPa, mentre le prove di tenuta della sutura hanno evidenziato forze di rottura pari a 2.96±1.71 N. Il digiuno è stato analogamente testato, mostrando un modulo di compressione di 5.6 ±3.20 kPa e forze di rottura di 4.03±1.02 N. Infine, una prova ad anello ha fornito il modulo elastico, lo sforzo e la deformazione a rottura del dotto di Wirsung, rispettivamente pari a $4701.47±4553.19 kPa, 708.55±45.76 kPa e 0.±0.40. Sulla base di questi risultati, è stato sviluppato un phantom pancreatico per simulare la pancreato-digiunostomia. Il modello è costituito da un parenchima di gellan gum ad alta concentrazione, in cui è inserito un dotto in bioink, e da un digiuno in silicone. \newline Chirurghi esperti hanno testato due phantom di diversa consistenza, valutando feedback tattile e tenuta della sutura. I risultati ne confermano il realismo e l’efficacia per l’addestramento su pancreas di consistenza "soft".
Mechanical characterization of pancreatic tissue for the manufacturing of a realistic phantom for pancreatic surgery training
DI GIORGIO, CLAUDIA
2024/2025
Abstract
Pancreatoduodenectomy remains one of the most complex and high risk operations in abdominal surgery. Among its postoperative complications, the pancreatic fistula (POPF) represents the most critical challenge. The occurrence of POPF not only depends on the mechanical properties of the pancreas but is also strongly influenced by the surgeon’s experience. However, soft pancreatic consistency has been identified as a major risk factor for this complication. In this study, the pancreatic district, composed by the parenchyma, the Wirsung duct, and the jejunum, is mechanically characterized. Indentation and compression tests are performed on the parenchyma, revealing elastic moduli of 2.05±1.11 kPa and 120.62±78.62 kPa, respectively, while suture retention tests reveal pull out forces of 2.96±1.71 N. The jejunum is similarly tested, showing a compression modulus of 5.6±3.20 kPa and pull out forces of 4.03±1.02 N. Finally, a ring test provides the elastic modulus, ultimate stress and strain values of the Wirsung duct, respectively 4701.47±4553.19 kPa, 708.55±445.76 kPa, and 0.473±0.40. Based on these findings, a pancreatic phantom is developed to simulate the pancreatojejunostomy. The model consists of a high-concentration gellan gum parenchyma embedding a bioink duct and a silicone jejunum. Experienced pancreatic surgeons evaluated two phantoms with distinct consistencies. Each surgeon performed the anastomosis and completed a questionnaire assessing suturability, tactile feedback, and suture-holding strength of both the parenchyma and the duct. The results confirmed the phantom as a realistic and effective tool for training on soft pancreatic tissue.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247079