Neo-liberalism in the urban context is a relatively new principle that was introduced as a reaction to cities that had a rise in stagflation, where its core principles were to have unregulated, open markets. Beirut was no exception to the rule, and the implications of neo-liberalism were especially heavy on the city since it was recovering from extensive damage from the 1975 -1990 civil war. This thesis covers the effects of neo-liberal principles in the context of the reconstruction of post-conflict cities, using the redesign of the Beirut Central District, specifically the Beirut Souks (‘Souk’ being loosely translated as a commercial district or plaza in the Lebanese dialect), as the primary case study. The reconstruction was driven by private interests and an exclusive vision that has rendered the Souks “unusable” to the majority of the Lebanese population by failing to accommodate their needs. This work will analyse the disconnect between the space’s intended function as a high-end commercial district and its actual role as a socially exclusive enclave, highlighting the enduring spatial and social inequalities caused by this form of urbanization. Grounded in critical urban theory, the research findings suggest that the reconstruction, driven by the private interests of Solidere, the private company that took charge of the Beirut Souks project, functioned to impose a market-oriented logic onto a space of profound historical and communal significance. Architecturally, the new Souks is critiqued as a sanitized, high-end commercial district that distances itself from the organic urban fabric and layered social history of the pre-war city. Ultimately, this analysis will dissect the profound disconnection between the project’s stated aims of restoration and its practical outcome, demonstrating how this specific form of post-conflict urbanization acts as an instrument of class power that perpetuates enduring spatial and social inequalities in the guise of economic recovery.
Il neoliberismo nel contesto urbano è un principio relativamente nuovo che è stato introdotto come reazione all’aumento della stagflazione nelle città, dove i suoi principi fondamentali dovevano avere mercati aperti e non regolamentati. Beirut non ha fatto eccezione alla regola, e le implicazioni del neoliberismo sono state particolarmente pesanti per la città poiché si stava riprendendo dagli ingenti danni causati dalla guerra civile del 1975-1990. Questa tesi concerne gli effetti dei principi neoliberisti nel contesto della ricostruzione delle città post-belliche, utilizzando la riprogettazione del distretto centrale di Beirut, in particolare i Souk di Beirut (“Souk” viene liberamente tradotto come quartiere commerciale o piazza nel dialetto libanese), come caso di studio principale. La ricostruzione è stata guidata da interessi privati e da una visione esclusiva e ha reso i Souk “inutilizzabili” per la maggior parte della popolazione libanese non riuscendo a soddisfare le loro esigenze. Questo lavoro analizza la disconnessione tra la funzione prevista dello spazio come quartiere commerciale di fascia alta e il suo ruolo effettivo come enclave socialmente esclusiva, evidenziando le persistenti disuguaglianze spaziali e sociali causate da questa forma di urbanizzazione. Fondati sulla teoria urbana critica, i risultati della ricerca suggeriscono che la ricostruzione, guidata dagli interessi privati di Solidere, la società privata che si è fatta carico del progetto dei Souk di Beirut, ha funzionato per imporre una logica orientata al mercato su uno spazio di profondo significato storico e comunitario. Dal punto di vista architettonico, il nuovo Souk è criticato come un quartiere commerciale sterilizzato e di fascia alta che prende le distanze dal tessuto urbano organico e dalla storia sociale stratificata della città prebellica. In definitiva, questa analisi analizza la profonda disconnessione tra gli obiettivi dichiarati di restauro del progetto e il suo risultato pratico, dimostrando come questa specifica forma di urbanizzazione postbellica agisca come uno strumento di potere di classe che perpetua disuguaglianze spaziali e sociali durature sotto le spoglie della ripresa economica.
Beirut souks and the uninhabitable city : consequences of neo-liberal urbanisation in post-conflict cities
KLEIB, RASHA
2025/2026
Abstract
Neo-liberalism in the urban context is a relatively new principle that was introduced as a reaction to cities that had a rise in stagflation, where its core principles were to have unregulated, open markets. Beirut was no exception to the rule, and the implications of neo-liberalism were especially heavy on the city since it was recovering from extensive damage from the 1975 -1990 civil war. This thesis covers the effects of neo-liberal principles in the context of the reconstruction of post-conflict cities, using the redesign of the Beirut Central District, specifically the Beirut Souks (‘Souk’ being loosely translated as a commercial district or plaza in the Lebanese dialect), as the primary case study. The reconstruction was driven by private interests and an exclusive vision that has rendered the Souks “unusable” to the majority of the Lebanese population by failing to accommodate their needs. This work will analyse the disconnect between the space’s intended function as a high-end commercial district and its actual role as a socially exclusive enclave, highlighting the enduring spatial and social inequalities caused by this form of urbanization. Grounded in critical urban theory, the research findings suggest that the reconstruction, driven by the private interests of Solidere, the private company that took charge of the Beirut Souks project, functioned to impose a market-oriented logic onto a space of profound historical and communal significance. Architecturally, the new Souks is critiqued as a sanitized, high-end commercial district that distances itself from the organic urban fabric and layered social history of the pre-war city. Ultimately, this analysis will dissect the profound disconnection between the project’s stated aims of restoration and its practical outcome, demonstrating how this specific form of post-conflict urbanization acts as an instrument of class power that perpetuates enduring spatial and social inequalities in the guise of economic recovery.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247135