Water is the cornerstone of human development, yet it remains a critically limited resource. Although over 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water, less than 1% is readily available freshwater. Growing demographic pressure and pollution have turned water scarcity into a global challenge, with nearly 60% of the world’s population living in water-stressed regions. Desalination offers a strategic solution by harnessing the planet’s most abundant water resource: the ocean. Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO), the leading desalination technology, is still largely dependent on fossil fuels, resulting in high costs and environmental impact. This thesis investigates the coupling of variable SWRO with photovoltaic (PV) solar energy to enhance sustainability, focusing on Capraia Island in the Tuscan Archipelago - a representative case of small, non-interconnected islands facing both water scarcity and high energy costs. The core of the study is a dynamic simulation of a PV-driven SWRO plant replacing Capraia’s biodiesel-powered system. PV simulations were carried out in Archelios-Pro, and results were processed and analyzed in Excel. Multiple configurations are tested, varying pump layouts, control strategies, and Energy Recovery Devices. The system operates variably, producing freshwater only when solar energy is available, with surplus power fed into the local grid. The techno-economic assessment confirms that PV-powered desalination is both feasible and competitive. The optimal configuration achieves a Levelized Cost of Water of 2.33 €/m3 with incentives - well below the current 3.51 €/m3 and the roughly 10 €/m3 typical of minor islands served by tank ships - while reducing carbon emissions by about 96%. In conclusion, this work provides a validated framework for integrating solar energy with desalination, paving the way toward water and energy independence for small islands. It demonstrates that renewable-powered desalination can substantially reduce costs, emissions, and dependency - turning a constraint into an opportunity for sustainable growth.
L’acqua è il pilastro dello sviluppo umano, ma resta tuttavia una risorsa molto limitata. Sebbene oltre il 70% della superficie terrestre sia coperta d’acqua, meno dell’1% è direttamente disponibile. La crescente pressione demografica e l’inquinamento hanno trasformato la scarsità idrica in una sfida globale, con quasi il 60% della popolazione mondiale in aree soggette a stress idrico. La desalinizzazione offre una soluzione strategica a questo problema, sfruttando la risorsa d'acqua più abbondante del pianeta: l’oceano. La dissalazione a osmosi inversa dell’acqua di mare (SWRO), tecnologia più diffusa, dipende ancora dai combustibili fossili, con costi elevati e impatti ambientali significativi. Questa tesi analizza l’integrazione di impianti SWRO a funzionamento variabile con energia fotovoltaica (PV), attraverso un caso studio sull’Isola di Capraia, rappresentativa delle piccole isole non interconnesse, caratterizzate da scarsità idrica e alti costi energetici. Lo studio include la simulazione dinamica di un impianto SWRO alimentato da PV in sostituzione dell'attuale sistema a bio-diesel. Le simulazioni del fotovoltaico sono state realizzate con Archelios-Pro e i dati sono stati elaborati attraverso Excel, valutando diverse configurazioni di pompe, strategie di controllo e dispositivi di recupero energetico. L'impianto produce acqua dolce solo quando l’energia solare è disponibile, immettendo l’eventuale surplus elettrico nella rete locale. L’analisi tecno-economica conferma che la dissalazione alimentata da PV è sia fattibile che competitiva: la configurazione ottimale raggiunge un costo livellato dell’acqua (LCOW) di 2,33 €/m3 con incentivi - minore dei 3,51 €/m3 attuali e dei circa 10 €/m3 tipici delle isole rifornite da navi cisterna - riducendo le emissioni di CO2,eq del 96% in 20 anni. In conclusione, questa tesi propone un modello di integrazione sostenibile tra energia solare e desalinizzazione, aprendo la strada all’indipendenza idrica ed energetica delle piccole isole e dimostrando come le fonti rinnovabili possano ridurre costi, emissioni e dipendenze – trasformando una criticità in opportunità di crescita sostenibile.
Techno-economic assessment of a PV-driven reverse osmosis desalination plant: the case study of Capraia island
Metruccio, Jacopo
2024/2025
Abstract
Water is the cornerstone of human development, yet it remains a critically limited resource. Although over 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water, less than 1% is readily available freshwater. Growing demographic pressure and pollution have turned water scarcity into a global challenge, with nearly 60% of the world’s population living in water-stressed regions. Desalination offers a strategic solution by harnessing the planet’s most abundant water resource: the ocean. Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO), the leading desalination technology, is still largely dependent on fossil fuels, resulting in high costs and environmental impact. This thesis investigates the coupling of variable SWRO with photovoltaic (PV) solar energy to enhance sustainability, focusing on Capraia Island in the Tuscan Archipelago - a representative case of small, non-interconnected islands facing both water scarcity and high energy costs. The core of the study is a dynamic simulation of a PV-driven SWRO plant replacing Capraia’s biodiesel-powered system. PV simulations were carried out in Archelios-Pro, and results were processed and analyzed in Excel. Multiple configurations are tested, varying pump layouts, control strategies, and Energy Recovery Devices. The system operates variably, producing freshwater only when solar energy is available, with surplus power fed into the local grid. The techno-economic assessment confirms that PV-powered desalination is both feasible and competitive. The optimal configuration achieves a Levelized Cost of Water of 2.33 €/m3 with incentives - well below the current 3.51 €/m3 and the roughly 10 €/m3 typical of minor islands served by tank ships - while reducing carbon emissions by about 96%. In conclusion, this work provides a validated framework for integrating solar energy with desalination, paving the way toward water and energy independence for small islands. It demonstrates that renewable-powered desalination can substantially reduce costs, emissions, and dependency - turning a constraint into an opportunity for sustainable growth.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: PV-powered desalination system in Capraia
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247167