Sex and age are two biological variables recognized by medicine as determining factors in clinical practice and scientific research, and they also represent key variables in the assessment of respiratory kinematics. In this thesis, the characteristics of thoraco-abdominal breathing in healthy subjects were analyzed using optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP), with the aim of investigating the effect of sex and age on ventilatory patterns. Data were acquired from 100 adults (50 men and 50 women), 46 children (23 males and 23 females), and 30 adolescents (15 males and 15 females). Quantitative comparisons of trunk shape and respiratory kinematics were made between male and female children, adolescent males and females, and adult men and women, to assess the structural and functional evolution of the respiratory system over the course of growth. During development, the rib cage, diaphragm, and respiratory muscles undergo profound morphological and biomechanical changes that influence the distribution of ventilatory volumes. The results show an overall similar respiratory pattern between adult men and women, with women tending to utilize the upper thoracic compartment more than the abdominal one, likely for anatomical and physiological reasons. No significant differences between the sexes were found in children and adolescents, while comparisons between the different age groups highlight how respiratory function evolves from a more flexible but less powerful system, typical of childhood, to a more efficient and structurally stable one in adulthood. An evolution of the ventilatory pattern is observed in females, from predominantly abdominal ventilation in female children to more thoracic ventilation in adolescents and adult women.
Sesso ed età sono due variabili biologiche riconosciute dalla medicina come fattori determinanti nella pratica clinica e nella ricerca scientifica, e rappresentano variabili chiave anche nella valutazione della cinematica respiratoria. In questo lavoro di tesi sono state analizzate, mediante pletismografia optoelettronica (OEP), le caratteristiche della respirazione toraco-addominale in soggetti sani, con l’obiettivo di indagare l’effetto del sesso e dell’età sul pattern ventilatorio. Sono stati acquisiti dati da 100 adulti (50 uomini e 50 donne), da 46 bambini (23 maschi e 23 femmine) e 30 adolescenti (15 maschi e 15 femmine). Sono stati effettuati confronti quantitativi della forma del tronco e della cinematica respiratoria tra bambini e bambine, adolescenti maschi e femmine, uomini e donne adulti, per valutare l’evoluzione strutturale e funzionale del sistema respiratorio nel corso della crescita. Durante lo sviluppo, infatti, la gabbia toracica, il diaframma e la muscolatura respiratoria subiscono profonde modificazioni morfologiche e biomeccaniche che influenzano la distribuzione dei volumi ventilatori. I risultati mostrano un pattern respiratorio complessivamente simile tra uomini e donne adulti, con una tendenza delle donne a utilizzare in misura maggiore il compartimento toracico superiore rispetto a quello addominale, verosimilmente per motivi anatomici e fisiologici. Nei bambini e negli adolescenti non sono state riscontrate differenze significative tra i sessi, mentre il confronto tra le diverse fasce d’età evidenzia come la funzione respiratoria evolva da un sistema più flessibile ma meno potente, tipico dell’età pediatrica, a uno più efficiente e strutturalmente stabile nell’età adulta. Un’evoluzione del pattern ventilatorio è osservata nelle femmine, passando da una prevalente ventilazione addominale nelle bambine a una più toracica nelle adolescenti e nelle donne adulte.
Ventilatory and thoraco-abdominal pattern in healthy subjects: effect of sex and age
Pignatelli, Maria Chiara
2024/2025
Abstract
Sex and age are two biological variables recognized by medicine as determining factors in clinical practice and scientific research, and they also represent key variables in the assessment of respiratory kinematics. In this thesis, the characteristics of thoraco-abdominal breathing in healthy subjects were analyzed using optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP), with the aim of investigating the effect of sex and age on ventilatory patterns. Data were acquired from 100 adults (50 men and 50 women), 46 children (23 males and 23 females), and 30 adolescents (15 males and 15 females). Quantitative comparisons of trunk shape and respiratory kinematics were made between male and female children, adolescent males and females, and adult men and women, to assess the structural and functional evolution of the respiratory system over the course of growth. During development, the rib cage, diaphragm, and respiratory muscles undergo profound morphological and biomechanical changes that influence the distribution of ventilatory volumes. The results show an overall similar respiratory pattern between adult men and women, with women tending to utilize the upper thoracic compartment more than the abdominal one, likely for anatomical and physiological reasons. No significant differences between the sexes were found in children and adolescents, while comparisons between the different age groups highlight how respiratory function evolves from a more flexible but less powerful system, typical of childhood, to a more efficient and structurally stable one in adulthood. An evolution of the ventilatory pattern is observed in females, from predominantly abdominal ventilation in female children to more thoracic ventilation in adolescents and adult women.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Pignatelli_Executive_Summary.pdf
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2025_12_Pignatelli_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Tesi
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247179