Otto Lilienthal’s contribution to the history of aerodynamics and flight is well established, yet the experimental foundation of his aerodynamic work remains less systematically investigated than his glider achievements. Beyond his pioneering glides, Lilienthal performed systematic rotating-arm experiments using the Rundlaufapparat, producing quantitative results that foreshadowed modern aerodynamic practice. This project reconstructs and operates a faithful Rundlaufapparat, formalizes the measurement chain converting timings, masses, and readings from the counterbalanced lever into lift and drag, and makes explicit the reduction from forces to coefficients to clarify Lilienthal’s methodology. Historical experiments are reproduced to reconstruct Lilienthal’s Plates, published tables interpretable as early aerodynamic polars, and the resulting data are analyzed to assess how normalization choices and contemporary theory shaped the reported magnitudes and trends. Rotating-arm measurements are compared with tests in DLR’s RTG open-jet wind tunnel and with two- and three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations under matched conditions. Findings show that the apparatus robustly resolves aerodynamic forces and captures trends, while systematic differences in coefficient magnitudes arise from normalization schemes, ranging from the Smeaton coefficient to normalization by the measured force at α= 90°, and from kinematic differences between curved, accelerating Rundlaufapparat motion and rectilinear inflow in wind-tunnel and simulation setups. This study clarifies what Lilienthal’s Plates represent in modern terms, explains coefficients derivation and alternative formulations, identifies regimes of highest reliability, contrasts historical reductions with contemporary techniques, and establishes a reproducible basis for future rotating-arm aerodynamics.
Il contributo di Otto Lilienthal alla storia dell’aerodinamica e del volo è ampiamente riconosciuto, eppure la base sperimentale del suo lavoro aerodinamico rimane indagata in modo meno sistematico rispetto ai suoi risultati con gli alianti. Oltre ai suoi voli planati pionieristici, Lilienthal condusse esperimenti sistematici con braccio rotante utilizzando il Rundlaufapparat, ottenendo risultati quantitativi che anticiparono la pratica aerodinamica moderna. Questo progetto ricostruisce e mette in opera una riproduzione fedele del Rundlaufapparat, formalizza la catena di misura che converte tempi, masse e letture della bilancia a leva in portanza e resistenza e rende esplicita la riduzione dalle forze ai coefficienti per chiarire la metodologia di Lilienthal. Gli esperimenti storici sono riprodotti per ricostruire le Tavole di Lilienthal, tabelle pubblicate interpretabili come prime polari aerodinamiche, e i dati risultanti sono analizzati per valutare come le scelte di normalizzazione e la teoria dell’epoca abbiano influenzato le magnitudini e le tendenze riportate. Le misure al braccio rotante vengono confrontate con prove nella galleria del vento a getto libero RTG del DLR e con simulazioni Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) bidimensionali e tridimensionali in condizioni corrispondenti. I risultati mostrano che l’apparato risolve in modo robusto le forze aerodinamiche e cattura le tendenze, mentre differenze sistematiche nei valori dei coefficienti derivano da schemi di normalizzazione, dal coefficiente di Smeaton fino alla normalizzazione mediante la forza misurata a α= 90°, e da differenze cinematiche tra il moto curvilineo e accelerato del Rundlaufapparat e l’afflusso rettilineo nelle configurazioni di galleria del vento e di simulazione. Questo studio chiarisce che cosa rappresentano le Tavole di Lilienthal in termini moderni, spiega la derivazione dei coefficienti e quali formulazioni alternative possano essere state impiegate, identifica i regimi di massima affidabilità, confronta le riduzioni storiche con le tecniche contemporanee e stabilisce una base riproducibile per la futura aerodinamica a braccio rotante.
Experimental and computational aerodynamics of Lilienthal's Rundlaufapparat
MASSINARI, ANDREA
2025/2026
Abstract
Otto Lilienthal’s contribution to the history of aerodynamics and flight is well established, yet the experimental foundation of his aerodynamic work remains less systematically investigated than his glider achievements. Beyond his pioneering glides, Lilienthal performed systematic rotating-arm experiments using the Rundlaufapparat, producing quantitative results that foreshadowed modern aerodynamic practice. This project reconstructs and operates a faithful Rundlaufapparat, formalizes the measurement chain converting timings, masses, and readings from the counterbalanced lever into lift and drag, and makes explicit the reduction from forces to coefficients to clarify Lilienthal’s methodology. Historical experiments are reproduced to reconstruct Lilienthal’s Plates, published tables interpretable as early aerodynamic polars, and the resulting data are analyzed to assess how normalization choices and contemporary theory shaped the reported magnitudes and trends. Rotating-arm measurements are compared with tests in DLR’s RTG open-jet wind tunnel and with two- and three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations under matched conditions. Findings show that the apparatus robustly resolves aerodynamic forces and captures trends, while systematic differences in coefficient magnitudes arise from normalization schemes, ranging from the Smeaton coefficient to normalization by the measured force at α= 90°, and from kinematic differences between curved, accelerating Rundlaufapparat motion and rectilinear inflow in wind-tunnel and simulation setups. This study clarifies what Lilienthal’s Plates represent in modern terms, explains coefficients derivation and alternative formulations, identifies regimes of highest reliability, contrasts historical reductions with contemporary techniques, and establishes a reproducible basis for future rotating-arm aerodynamics.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Massinari_Thesis.pdf
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246.95 MB
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2025_12_Massinari_Executive_Summary.pdf
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34.92 MB
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34.92 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247215