Among the several issues that are currently foreseen in the development of the DEMO fusion reactor, a relevant one concerns the stability of structural materials in contact with the Lithium-Lead eutectic inside the water-cooled (WCLL) breeding blanket. Indeed, the corrosion of EUROFER steel and the permeation of Tritium into the cooling water represent a significant hindrance to a suitable operation of the system. In this respect, coatings in amorphous/nanocrystalline alumina are considered a valuable solution for the protection of steels. However, due to the possibly detrimental diffusion of Lithium through this material, new versions of alumina-based coating are being studied. In this work, three solutions developed by the startup X-nano in collaboration with ENEA were considered: a Tungsten layer between alumina and the eutectic, alumina-yttria, and alumina-yttria with the addition of Lithium. The coatings were produced by PLD and pulsed-DC Magnetron Sputtering. Elementary characterisation was performed with SEM, EDX and XRD, before and after thermal annealing, to assess the stability and the microstructure of these materials prior to corrosion and permeation tests. The density of the oxide layers was indirectly measured with spectroscopic ellipsometry. A computational model was also implemented in OpenMC, in order to assess the neutron activation of the coatings. The analyses showed that the coatings ensure sufficient stability and mechanical strength; the specific radioactivity of the materials was found to be comparable with simple alumina, although a clear detrimental effect from Li-6 was observed.
Uno dei principali problemi attualmente previsti nello sviluppo del reattore a fusione DEMO è la stabilità dei materiali strutturali a contatto con l'eutettico di Piombo e Litio all'interno del breeding blanket raffreddato ad acqua. Infatti, la corrosione dell'acciaio EUROFER e la permeazione del Trizio nell'acqua di raffreddamento rappresentano un significativo ostacolo per un'operazione ottimale del sistema. In questo senso, i rivestimenti in allumina amorfa o nanocristallina sono considerati una valida soluzione per la protezione degli acciai. Tuttavia, a causa della diffusione, potenzialmente dannosa, del Litio all'interno di questo materiale, nuove versioni di rivestimenti basati sull'allumina sono oggetto di studio. In questa tesi sono state considerate tre soluzioni sviluppate dalla startup X-nano in collaborazione con ENEA: uno strato di Tungsteno tra l'allumina e l'eutettico, allumina-ittria e allumina-ittria con l'aggiunta di Litio. I rivestimenti sono stati prodotti tramite PLD e Magnetron Sputtering. Sono state effettuate caratterizzazioni elementari mediante SEM, EDX e XRD, prima e dopo il trattamento termico, allo scopo di valutare la stabilità e la microstruttura di questi materiali in vista delle prove di corrosione e permeazione. La densità degli strati di ossido è stata inoltre misurata indirettamente attraverso l'ellissometria. Infine, un modello computazionale è stato implementato con OpenMC per valutare l'attivazione neutronica dei rivestimenti. Le analisi svolte hanno mostrato che i rivestimenti assicurano sufficiente stabilità e resistenza meccanica; la radioattività specifica dei materiali è risultata comparabile a quella della sola allumina, sebbene un netto peggioramento sia osservabile in presenza del Litio-6.
Neutronic and structural characterisation of anti-corrosion and anti-permeation coatings for the DEMO WCLL breeding blanket
PICCININI, LUCA
2024/2025
Abstract
Among the several issues that are currently foreseen in the development of the DEMO fusion reactor, a relevant one concerns the stability of structural materials in contact with the Lithium-Lead eutectic inside the water-cooled (WCLL) breeding blanket. Indeed, the corrosion of EUROFER steel and the permeation of Tritium into the cooling water represent a significant hindrance to a suitable operation of the system. In this respect, coatings in amorphous/nanocrystalline alumina are considered a valuable solution for the protection of steels. However, due to the possibly detrimental diffusion of Lithium through this material, new versions of alumina-based coating are being studied. In this work, three solutions developed by the startup X-nano in collaboration with ENEA were considered: a Tungsten layer between alumina and the eutectic, alumina-yttria, and alumina-yttria with the addition of Lithium. The coatings were produced by PLD and pulsed-DC Magnetron Sputtering. Elementary characterisation was performed with SEM, EDX and XRD, before and after thermal annealing, to assess the stability and the microstructure of these materials prior to corrosion and permeation tests. The density of the oxide layers was indirectly measured with spectroscopic ellipsometry. A computational model was also implemented in OpenMC, in order to assess the neutron activation of the coatings. The analyses showed that the coatings ensure sufficient stability and mechanical strength; the specific radioactivity of the materials was found to be comparable with simple alumina, although a clear detrimental effect from Li-6 was observed.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247241