The landscape of modern skiing, increasingly reliant on hard, abrasive artificial snow, has exposed the wear and performance limitations of traditional Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE; by short, PE) ski bases. AISI 301H stainless steel presents a promising alternative, offering superior mechanical durability and the potential for a unified base-edge construction. However, untreated steel suffers from a critical drawback: while effective on cold, dry snow, its friction coefficient increases dramatically on wet snow at temperatures approaching 0°C. This thesis presents a systematic investigation into enhancing the all-conditions performance of AISI 301H steel by comparing two distinct categories of laser-generated surface structures: stochastic, self-organized Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) and precisely engineered, deterministic patterns (laser-engraved grooves). An experimental campaign was conducted using a customized laboratory snow tribometer at various temperatures, complemented by preliminary full-scale field tests to begin validating the findings. The results show that a deterministic 45° herringbone groove pattern (G11 family) delivers a tribological performance in the lab that is comparable to the most effective stochastic LIPSS (Kirana-Praga-1), as well as to PE. A critical finding was the refutation of the hypothesis that hierarchical structures (LIPSS superimposed on grooves) would be beneficial; this combination, produced for its superior hydrophobicity, was found to significantly worsen the steel sliding performance. Preliminary field tests on selected patterns decisively confirmed the superiority of the deterministic groove, which provided consistent, reliable performance in mixed snow conditions. In contrast, an old, non-optimized LIPSS-textured ski failed, performing worse than even untreated steel base. These initial field results highlight the promise of deterministic grooves, which will be explored further in future on-snow tests, and the need to test the best LIPSS textures in non-ideal snow conditions. Long-distance (18 km) durability tests substantiated the mechanical robustness of both optimal pattern types. Finally, physicochemical analysis (XPS) confirmed that the laser treatment induces a stable, long-term hydrophobicity on LIPSS treated samples by transforming the native passive film into a thicker, Ni-depleted, Mn- and Si-enriched mixed-oxide layer.
Il panorama dello sci moderno, sempre più dipendente dalla neve artificiale dura e abrasiva, ha messo in luce i limiti di usura e di prestazione delle tradizionali solette da sci in polietilene ad altissimo peso molecolare (UHMWPE; PE, in breve). L'acciaio inossidabile AISI 301H rappresenta un'alternativa promettente, offrendo una durabilità meccanica superiore e il potenziale per una costruzione unificata soletta-lamina. Tuttavia, l'acciaio non trattato soffre di uno svantaggio critico: sebbene efficace su neve fredda e asciutta, il suo coefficiente d'attrito aumenta drasticamente su neve bagnata a temperature prossime a 0°C. Questa tesi presenta un'indagine sistematica sul miglioramento delle prestazioni dell'acciaio AISI 301H in tutte le condizioni , confrontando due distinte categorie di strutture superficiali generate al laser: Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) stocastiche e auto-organizzate, e profili deterministici (grooves incise al laser) ingegnerizzati con precisione. È stata condotta una campagna sperimentale in laboratorio utilizzando un tribometro da neve specificamente realizzato, a varie temperature, integrata da test preliminari sul campo con attrezzi a scala reale per iniziare a validare i risultati. I risultati mostrano che un profilo deterministico a lisca di pesce a 45° (famiglia G11) offre prestazioni tribologiche in laboratorio comparabili a quelle delle LIPSS stocastiche più efficaci (Kirana-Praga-1), così come al PE. Un risultato critico è stato la confutazione dell'ipotesi che le strutture gerarchiche (LIPSS sovrapposte a grooves) potessero essere benefiche; si è scoperto che questa combinazione, prodotta per la sua superiore idrofobicità, peggiora significativamente le prestazioni di scorrimento. Test preliminari sul campo su profili selezionati hanno confermato decisamente la superiorità delle grooves deterministiche, che hanno fornito prestazioni costanti e affidabili in condizioni di neve di qualità mista. Al contrario, uno sci trattato con un precedente profilo LIPSS non ottimizzato ha fallito, dando prestazioni peggiori persino dell'acciaio non trattato. Questi risultati iniziali sul campo evidenziano la promessa delle grooves deterministiche, che saranno ulteriormente esplorate in prossimi test su neve, e la necessità di testare i migliori profili LIPSS in condizioni di neve non ideali. Test di durabilità a lunga distanza (18 km) hanno indicato la robustezza meccanica di entrambi i tipi di profilo ottimali. Infine, l'analisi fisico-chimica (XPS) ha confermato che il trattamento laser induce un'idrofobicità stabile e a lungo termine sui campioni trattati con LIPSS, trasformando il film passivo nativo in uno strato più spesso di ossido misto; la composizione di tale strato è impoverita di Ni ed arricchita di Mn e Si.
Laser surface structuring of AISI301H stainless steel for enhanced snow sliding : an investigation of stochastic and deterministic surface structures
Puppo, Lorenzo
2024/2025
Abstract
The landscape of modern skiing, increasingly reliant on hard, abrasive artificial snow, has exposed the wear and performance limitations of traditional Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE; by short, PE) ski bases. AISI 301H stainless steel presents a promising alternative, offering superior mechanical durability and the potential for a unified base-edge construction. However, untreated steel suffers from a critical drawback: while effective on cold, dry snow, its friction coefficient increases dramatically on wet snow at temperatures approaching 0°C. This thesis presents a systematic investigation into enhancing the all-conditions performance of AISI 301H steel by comparing two distinct categories of laser-generated surface structures: stochastic, self-organized Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures (LIPSS) and precisely engineered, deterministic patterns (laser-engraved grooves). An experimental campaign was conducted using a customized laboratory snow tribometer at various temperatures, complemented by preliminary full-scale field tests to begin validating the findings. The results show that a deterministic 45° herringbone groove pattern (G11 family) delivers a tribological performance in the lab that is comparable to the most effective stochastic LIPSS (Kirana-Praga-1), as well as to PE. A critical finding was the refutation of the hypothesis that hierarchical structures (LIPSS superimposed on grooves) would be beneficial; this combination, produced for its superior hydrophobicity, was found to significantly worsen the steel sliding performance. Preliminary field tests on selected patterns decisively confirmed the superiority of the deterministic groove, which provided consistent, reliable performance in mixed snow conditions. In contrast, an old, non-optimized LIPSS-textured ski failed, performing worse than even untreated steel base. These initial field results highlight the promise of deterministic grooves, which will be explored further in future on-snow tests, and the need to test the best LIPSS textures in non-ideal snow conditions. Long-distance (18 km) durability tests substantiated the mechanical robustness of both optimal pattern types. Finally, physicochemical analysis (XPS) confirmed that the laser treatment induces a stable, long-term hydrophobicity on LIPSS treated samples by transforming the native passive film into a thicker, Ni-depleted, Mn- and Si-enriched mixed-oxide layer.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Puppo_Executive summary.pdf
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2025_12_Puppo_Tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247295