The exploration of planets within our Solar System stands among the most compelling and strategically significant pursuits in contemporary science. Gaining insight into their atmospheres, geology, and climate evolution helps deepening our understanding of planetary processes, together with advancing the search for potentially habitable environments, and informs models of Earth’s own history. However, the exploration tools most commonly employed today (i.e. landers and rovers) face inherent limitations: restricted mobility, strong dependence on local terrain conditions, and the inability to survey large areas limit their capacity to deliver a comprehensive and dynamic picture of planetary environments. To push beyond these constraints, new aerial platforms capable of providing wide-area and high-resolution observations are required, bridging the gap between the detailed but localized measurements of rovers and the broad, synoptic perspective of orbiters. Among these platforms, lighter-than-air vehicles offer a particularly promising opportunity to expand our ability to investigate both the atmosphere and the surface of other worlds. This thesis presents the conceptual design of a solar-powered airship intended for intra-atmospheric flight on foreign planets, with a specific focus on Mars. Building upon the Morning Star software, originally developed for the design of high-altitude pseudo-satellites on Earth, the work extends its methodology to extraterrestrial environments by integrating planetary atmospheric models, solar radiation models, and mission-specific constraints. After a comparative assessment of potential targets within the Solar System, Mars is identified as the most suitable planet for an airship platform, owing to its favorable atmospheric composition and scientific relevance. The proposed mission focuses on the exploration of the northern polar region of Mars between solar longitudes 0° and 180°, enabling nearly continuous solar exposure and thus reducing energy-storage requirements. The Martian environment is modeled using the Mars Climate Database, complemented by a detailed broadband irradiance model to compute the solar flux incident on each element of the vehicle’s discretized surface. To capture the thermal behavior of the system and its impact on photovoltaic performance and envelope pressure, a six-node lumped thermal model is implemented, accounting for radiative, convective, and conductive heat exchanges. A dedicated low-Reynolds propeller design is developed using blade-element-momentum theory, demonstrating the substantial departure from Earth-based configurations required for efficient operation in the thin Martian atmosphere. Finally, the methodology is applied to the conceptual design of the airship, its sensitivity to mission specifications and technologies is investigated, and technological bottlenecks are identified.
L’esplorazione dei pianeti del Sistema Solare rappresenta una delle attività più affascinanti e strategicamente rilevanti della scienza contemporanea. Comprendere le loro atmosfere, la geologia e l’evoluzione climatica contribuisce ad approfondire la nostra conoscenza dei processi planetari, avanzando al contempo la ricerca di ambienti potenzialmente abitabili e fornendo elementi utili ai modelli sull’evoluzione della storia della Terra. Tuttavia, gli strumenti di esplorazione oggi più comunemente impiegati, ossia lander e rover, presentano limitazioni intrinseche: mobilità ridotta, forte dipendenza dalle condizioni del terreno e incapacità di coprire vaste aree ne limitano la capacità di fornire una visione completa e dinamica degli ambienti planetari. Per superare tali vincoli sono quindi necessarie nuove piattaforme aeree in grado di offrire osservazioni ad ampia copertura e ad alta risoluzione, colmando il divario tra le misurazioni dettagliate ma localizzate dei rover e la prospettiva sinottica e globale degli orbiter. Tra queste piattaforme, i veicoli più leggeri dell’aria rappresentano un’opportunità particolarmente promettente per ampliare le nostre capacità di investigare sia l’atmosfera sia la superficie di mondi alieni. Questa tesi presenta il progetto concettuale di un aerostato a panneli solari destinato al volo intra-atmosferico su altri pianeti, con un focus specifico su Marte. Basandosi sul software Morning Star, originariamente sviluppato per il progetto di pseudo-satelliti stratosferici ad alta quota sulla Terra, il lavoro ne estende la metodologia agli ambienti extraterrestri integrando modelli atmosferici planetari, modelli di radiazione solare e vincoli specifici di missione. Dopo una valutazione comparativa dei potenziali obiettivi all’interno del Sistema Solare, Marte viene identificato come il pianeta più adatto a ospitare una piattaforma di questo tipo, grazie alla sua favorevole composizione atmosferica e alla sua rilevanza scientifica. La missione proposta si concentra sull’esplorazione della regione polare nord di Marte, tra le longitudini solari 0° e 180°, garantendo un’esposizione solare quasi continua e riducendo quindi le esigenze di accumulo energetico. L’ambiente marziano è modellato utilizzando il Mars Climate Database, affiancato da un modello dettagliato di radiazione solare per calcolare il flusso incidente su ciascun elemento della superficie discretizzata del veicolo. Per rappresentare il comportamento termico del sistema e il suo impatto sull’efficienza fotovoltaica e sulla pressione interna dell’involucro, viene implementato un modello termico lumped a sei nodi, che considera scambi radiativi, convettivi e conduttivi. Inoltre, viene sviluppato un progetto dedicato di elica per bassi numeri di Reynolds, basato sulla teoria della quantità di moto dell’elemento pala , che evidenzia la necessità di configurazioni significativamente diverse da quelle terrestri per operare efficientemente nella rarefatta atmosfera marziana. Infine, la metodologia viene applicata alla progettazione concettuale dell’aerostato, analizzandone la sensibilità alle specifiche di missione e alle tecnologie impiegate, e identificando i principali colli di bottiglia tecnologici.
Design of an airship platform for intra-atmospheric flight on foreign planets: application to Mars
MARCORA, DANIELE
2024/2025
Abstract
The exploration of planets within our Solar System stands among the most compelling and strategically significant pursuits in contemporary science. Gaining insight into their atmospheres, geology, and climate evolution helps deepening our understanding of planetary processes, together with advancing the search for potentially habitable environments, and informs models of Earth’s own history. However, the exploration tools most commonly employed today (i.e. landers and rovers) face inherent limitations: restricted mobility, strong dependence on local terrain conditions, and the inability to survey large areas limit their capacity to deliver a comprehensive and dynamic picture of planetary environments. To push beyond these constraints, new aerial platforms capable of providing wide-area and high-resolution observations are required, bridging the gap between the detailed but localized measurements of rovers and the broad, synoptic perspective of orbiters. Among these platforms, lighter-than-air vehicles offer a particularly promising opportunity to expand our ability to investigate both the atmosphere and the surface of other worlds. This thesis presents the conceptual design of a solar-powered airship intended for intra-atmospheric flight on foreign planets, with a specific focus on Mars. Building upon the Morning Star software, originally developed for the design of high-altitude pseudo-satellites on Earth, the work extends its methodology to extraterrestrial environments by integrating planetary atmospheric models, solar radiation models, and mission-specific constraints. After a comparative assessment of potential targets within the Solar System, Mars is identified as the most suitable planet for an airship platform, owing to its favorable atmospheric composition and scientific relevance. The proposed mission focuses on the exploration of the northern polar region of Mars between solar longitudes 0° and 180°, enabling nearly continuous solar exposure and thus reducing energy-storage requirements. The Martian environment is modeled using the Mars Climate Database, complemented by a detailed broadband irradiance model to compute the solar flux incident on each element of the vehicle’s discretized surface. To capture the thermal behavior of the system and its impact on photovoltaic performance and envelope pressure, a six-node lumped thermal model is implemented, accounting for radiative, convective, and conductive heat exchanges. A dedicated low-Reynolds propeller design is developed using blade-element-momentum theory, demonstrating the substantial departure from Earth-based configurations required for efficient operation in the thin Martian atmosphere. Finally, the methodology is applied to the conceptual design of the airship, its sensitivity to mission specifications and technologies is investigated, and technological bottlenecks are identified.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247297