The medieval towers of Svaneti, in north-western Georgia, are a remarkable example of vernacular defensive architecture, developed in close interaction with the mountainous environment. This thesis investigates their material and structural logic to propose sustainable conservation strategies that respect historical authenticity and local environmental conditions. The study begins with an overview of the towers’ distribution, typologies and construction techniques, highlighting variations in height, plan and masonry detailing. The research then analyses the primary construction materials—stone, lime and wood—examining their sourcing, mechanical properties and degradation mechanisms. This material assessment provides the foundation for understanding the towers’ structural behaviour and preservation challenges. Climatic and seismic analyses are conducted to identify the main environmental risks and diagnostic methods are reviewed to establish effective approaches for in-situ evaluation. A comparative study situates the Svaneti towers within the broader context of medieval tower architecture in the Caucasus, Italy and worldwide, highlighting typological and functional analogies. Structural performance is further explored through numerical simulations, including linear and nonlinear analyses, to evaluate stress distribution, modal response and seismic vulnerability. Finally, potential reinforcement strategies are discussed, aiming to strengthen the towers while preserving original materials and construction techniques. The research advances knowledge of how traditional construction systems interact with environmental forces and provides methodological guidelines for the conservation of vernacular stone architecture in seismic and mountainous contexts.
Le torri medievali della Svanezia, nel nord-ovest della Georgia, costituiscono un esempio eccezionale di architettura difensiva vernacolare, sviluppata in stretto dialogo con l’ambiente montano circostante. Questa tesi analizza la logica dei materiali e delle tecniche costruttive delle torri, con l’obiettivo di individuare strategie di conservazione sostenibili che rispettino sia l’autenticità storica sia le condizioni ambientali locali. Lo studio si apre con una panoramica sulla distribuzione delle torri, sulle diverse tipologie e sulle tecniche costruttive impiegate, evidenziando le variazioni in altezza, forma ed elementi costruttivi. Successivamente, vengono analizzati i principali materiali da costruzione—pietra, calce e legno—approfondendone l’origine, le proprietà meccaniche e i meccanismi di degrado. Questa valutazione costituisce la base per comprendere il comportamento strutturale delle torri e le principali criticità legate alla loro conservazione. Analisi climatiche e sismiche identificano i principali rischi ambientali, mentre le metodologie diagnostiche vengono valutate per definire approcci efficaci alla rilevazione in situ. Uno studio comparativo colloca le torri di Svanezia nel più ampio contesto delle architetture medievali a torri del Caucaso, dell’Italia e del resto del mondo, mettendo in luce analogie tipologiche e funzionali. Il comportamento strutturale è inoltre indagato mediante simulazioni numeriche, lineari e non lineari, al fine di valutare la distribuzione degli sforzi, la risposta modale e la vulnerabilità sismica. Infine, vengono proposte possibili strategie di consolidamento che permettano di rafforzare le torri nel rispetto dei materiali e delle tecniche costruttive originarie. La ricerca contribuisce ad approfondire la comprensione dell’interazione tra sistemi costruttivi tradizionali e forze ambientali, fornendo linee guida metodologiche per la conservazione dell’architettura in pietra vernacolare in contesti montani e sismici.
Svaneti medieval towers: from historical analysis to numerical modelling and structural strengthening
Trabacca, Marco
2024/2025
Abstract
The medieval towers of Svaneti, in north-western Georgia, are a remarkable example of vernacular defensive architecture, developed in close interaction with the mountainous environment. This thesis investigates their material and structural logic to propose sustainable conservation strategies that respect historical authenticity and local environmental conditions. The study begins with an overview of the towers’ distribution, typologies and construction techniques, highlighting variations in height, plan and masonry detailing. The research then analyses the primary construction materials—stone, lime and wood—examining their sourcing, mechanical properties and degradation mechanisms. This material assessment provides the foundation for understanding the towers’ structural behaviour and preservation challenges. Climatic and seismic analyses are conducted to identify the main environmental risks and diagnostic methods are reviewed to establish effective approaches for in-situ evaluation. A comparative study situates the Svaneti towers within the broader context of medieval tower architecture in the Caucasus, Italy and worldwide, highlighting typological and functional analogies. Structural performance is further explored through numerical simulations, including linear and nonlinear analyses, to evaluate stress distribution, modal response and seismic vulnerability. Finally, potential reinforcement strategies are discussed, aiming to strengthen the towers while preserving original materials and construction techniques. The research advances knowledge of how traditional construction systems interact with environmental forces and provides methodological guidelines for the conservation of vernacular stone architecture in seismic and mountainous contexts.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247339