This thesis studies the efficiency of higher education systems in the 27 Member States of the European Union from 1995 to 2024. Using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method, the study evaluates how effectively countries use public spending on tertiary education to produce key results such as the number of graduates, graduate employment rates, and scientific publications. The analysis also includes correlation and panel regression models to identify the main economic and social factors that influence efficiency across countries and over time. The results show clear differences within Europe. The most efficient systems are found mainly in Northern and Western countries, where public spending on universities is higher. There is a strong positive relationship between public expenditure and performance, meaning that greater investment in higher education is associated with higher efficiency levels, reflected in stronger graduate and research results. The decomposition of efficiency shows that persistent, long-term factors play the most important role, suggesting that efficiency depends more on stable national characteristics than on short-term changes. Among the contextual factors examined, GDP per capita and public financial aid to students have the strongest positive effects, confirming that economic wealth and financial support help improve the performance and efficiency of university systems.
La presente tesi analizza l’efficienza dei sistemi di istruzione terziaria nei 27 Stati Membri dell’Unione Europea nel periodo 1995–2024. Attraverso l’applicazione di un modello di Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA), lo studio valuta la capacità dei paesi di trasformare la spesa pubblica destinata all’istruzione terziaria in risultati desiderabili, quali il numero di laureati, il tasso di occupazione dei laureati e la produzione scientifica. L’analisi è completata da una valutazione delle determinanti contestuali dell’efficienza mediante tecniche di correlazione e regressione panel, al fine di individuare i fattori economici e istituzionali che ne influenzano l’andamento nel tempo. I risultati evidenziano marcate differenze tra i paesi europei: i sistemi più efficienti si concentrano prevalentemente nell’Europa settentrionale e occidentale, dove la spesa pubblica per l’università è più elevata. Emergono relazioni positive tra i livelli di investimento e le performance ottenute, indicando che un maggiore impegno finanziario si traduce in una più elevata efficienza del sistema, riflessa in migliori risultati formativi e di ricerca. La scomposizione dell’efficienza mostra inoltre che la componente persistente ha un ruolo predominante, a conferma del fatto che l’efficienza dipende principalmente da caratteristiche strutturali e istituzionali di lungo periodo, piuttosto che da cambiamenti temporanei. Tra i fattori contestuali considerati, il PIL pro capite e gli aiuti finanziari agli studenti risultano avere l’effetto positivo più significativo, confermando che la capacità economica e i meccanismi redistributivi rafforzano la performance e l’efficienza dei sistemi universitari.
Efficiency analysis of higher-education systems in the European Union using stochastic frontier analysis
CURCI, MICOL
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis studies the efficiency of higher education systems in the 27 Member States of the European Union from 1995 to 2024. Using the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method, the study evaluates how effectively countries use public spending on tertiary education to produce key results such as the number of graduates, graduate employment rates, and scientific publications. The analysis also includes correlation and panel regression models to identify the main economic and social factors that influence efficiency across countries and over time. The results show clear differences within Europe. The most efficient systems are found mainly in Northern and Western countries, where public spending on universities is higher. There is a strong positive relationship between public expenditure and performance, meaning that greater investment in higher education is associated with higher efficiency levels, reflected in stronger graduate and research results. The decomposition of efficiency shows that persistent, long-term factors play the most important role, suggesting that efficiency depends more on stable national characteristics than on short-term changes. Among the contextual factors examined, GDP per capita and public financial aid to students have the strongest positive effects, confirming that economic wealth and financial support help improve the performance and efficiency of university systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247343