Sheet metal forming is one of the most widespread manufacturing processes used to produce lightweight and high-performance components for the automotive and household appliance industries. While the mechanical, tribological, and microstructural aspects of forming have been extensively studied, the aesthetic modifications induced by plastic deformation remain largely unexplored. These visual alterations play a crucial role in the perceived quality and commercial value of finished products. This thesis investigates the correlation between plastic deformation and color variation in coated and uncoated sheet metals, aiming to integrate aesthetic considerations into traditional forming analysis. The work introduces a novel color-based Forming Limit Diagram (FLD), mapping color evolution in the same strain space used to define mechanical forming limits. To achieve this, tensile and Erichsen cupping tests were performed on repurposed end-of-life (EOL) automotive and household steel sheets featuring different coatings. Tensile tests were supported by 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) for full-field strain measurement, surface roughness analysis, and colorimetric evaluation in the CIELAB color space. Finite Element (FEM) simulations were also conducted to have strain distributions of the correspondent Erichsen tests. The results demonstrate a clear relationship between strain and perceptible color variation, with color differences increasing proportionally to deformation level. Furthermore, surface roughness evolution was found to influence optical properties, reinforcing the need to consider mechanical and visual factors simultaneously. By defining quantitative thresholds of acceptable color deviation, this study proposes a predictive approach to aesthetic integrity during sheet metal forming. Ultimately, the proposed methodology provides a foundation for integrating visual performance into forming process design and simulation. The correlation between strain and color variation paves the way for non-destructive strain monitoring and improved quality control, particularly in industries where aesthetic uniformity is as critical as mechanical reliability.
La formatura della lamiera è uno dei processi di produzione più diffusi per la realizzazione di componenti leggeri e ad alte prestazioni nei settori automobilistico e degli elettrodomestici. Sebbene gli aspetti meccanici, tribologici e microstrutturali della formatura siano stati ampiamente studiati, le modificazioni estetiche indotte dalla deformazione plastica rimangono poco esplorate. Tali alterazioni visive influenzano in modo significativo la percezione della qualità e il valore dei prodotti finiti. La tesi analizza la correlazione tra deformazione plastica e variazione di colore in lamiere rivestite e non rivestite, con l’obiettivo di integrare le considerazioni estetiche nell’analisi tradizionale dei processi di formatura. È stato proposto un innovativo Diagramma dei Limiti di Formatura basato sul colore (FLD), che rappresenta l’evoluzione cromatica nello stesso spazio di deformazione dei limiti meccanici. Sono stati eseguiti test di trazione e prove di imbutitura Erichsen su lamiere in acciaio provenienti da componenti automobilistici e domestici a fine vita (EOL), supportati da misure di deformazione tramite correlazione digitale dell’immagine (DIC) 3D, analisi della rugosità e valutazioni colorimetriche nello spazio CIELAB. Simulazioni agli Elementi Finiti (FEM) hanno riprodotto le distribuzioni di deformazione osservate sperimentalmente. I risultati mostrano una chiara correlazione tra il livello di deformazione e la variazione cromatica percepibile, con differenze di colore crescenti all’aumentare della deformazione. L’evoluzione della rugosità è risultata anch’essa influente sulle proprietà ottiche, evidenziando la necessità di considerare insieme gli aspetti meccanici ed estetici. Definendo soglie quantitative di variazione cromatica accettabile, lo studio propone un approccio predittivo per la valutazione dell’integrità estetica nei processi di formatura. La metodologia sviluppata pone le basi per integrare la prestazione visiva nella progettazione e simulazione dei processi, aprendo la strada a nuove tecniche di monitoraggio non distruttivo e a un controllo qualità più efficace nei settori in cui l’uniformità estetica è tanto importante quanto l’affidabilità meccanica.
Effects of plastic deformation on aesthetic appearance of sheet metals
VIGANO', EMANUELE
2024/2025
Abstract
Sheet metal forming is one of the most widespread manufacturing processes used to produce lightweight and high-performance components for the automotive and household appliance industries. While the mechanical, tribological, and microstructural aspects of forming have been extensively studied, the aesthetic modifications induced by plastic deformation remain largely unexplored. These visual alterations play a crucial role in the perceived quality and commercial value of finished products. This thesis investigates the correlation between plastic deformation and color variation in coated and uncoated sheet metals, aiming to integrate aesthetic considerations into traditional forming analysis. The work introduces a novel color-based Forming Limit Diagram (FLD), mapping color evolution in the same strain space used to define mechanical forming limits. To achieve this, tensile and Erichsen cupping tests were performed on repurposed end-of-life (EOL) automotive and household steel sheets featuring different coatings. Tensile tests were supported by 3D Digital Image Correlation (DIC) for full-field strain measurement, surface roughness analysis, and colorimetric evaluation in the CIELAB color space. Finite Element (FEM) simulations were also conducted to have strain distributions of the correspondent Erichsen tests. The results demonstrate a clear relationship between strain and perceptible color variation, with color differences increasing proportionally to deformation level. Furthermore, surface roughness evolution was found to influence optical properties, reinforcing the need to consider mechanical and visual factors simultaneously. By defining quantitative thresholds of acceptable color deviation, this study proposes a predictive approach to aesthetic integrity during sheet metal forming. Ultimately, the proposed methodology provides a foundation for integrating visual performance into forming process design and simulation. The correlation between strain and color variation paves the way for non-destructive strain monitoring and improved quality control, particularly in industries where aesthetic uniformity is as critical as mechanical reliability.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Viganò_Tesi.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo della Tesi
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2025_12_Viganò_ExecutiveSummary.pdf
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Descrizione: Testo Executive Summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247367