This research aims to deepen the understanding of particle heating during magnetic reconnection events in plasmas, a fundamental topic of interest for both astrophysical and laboratory studies. The main objective of this thesis was to reproduce, through computational simulations, the mass-dependent ion heating trend observed in the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) device, a U.S. Reversed Field Pinch (RFP) magnetic confinement fusion experiment. From a theoretical standpoint, particle energization was assumed to be caused by the interaction with Alfvén waves, which are generated during the reconnection events in the plasma. In the first part of the work, the focus was on identifying these temporal excitations within Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations performed in a RFP magnetic field configuration, using the SpeCyl code. The magnetic field data were analyzed via temporal Fourier transform, revealing discrete frequency peaks within the Alfvénic spectrum excited during the reconnection. To investigate particle heating, a test-particle approach was employed by developing a Hamiltonian code capable of tracking the ions’ energy evolution. This algorithm has the important property of being symplectic, meaning that, even though the motion equations are solved numerically, no artificial dissipation is introduced. Since the approach requires explicit knowledge of the Hamiltonian function, the scalar and vector potentials were reconstructed from the MHD data. Finally, particle simulations were carried out for hydrogen, deuterium, and helium. The first result obtained was the demonstration of effective particles heating. However, the expected mass-dependent ion heating was not reproduced. Instead, the observed trend was compatible with the presence of an electric field generated during the reconnection event. Moreover, experimental measurements in MST showed comparable heating in both the parallel and perpendicular directions relative to the magnetic field, while the simulations exhibited significant heating only in the parallel direction. The case in which the Alfvénic fluctuations spectrum was removed was considered, resulting in a reduction of the overall heating, but it did not disappear. Therefore, it can be concluded that, within this approach, particle-tracking simulation starting from MHD fields, the dominant contribution to ion heating arises from the electric field, which cannot account for the mass-dependent trend observed in MST.
Questa ricerca mira ad approfondire la comprensione del riscaldamento delle particelle durante gli eventi di riconnessione magnetica nei plasmi, un fenomeno di fondamentale interesse sia per gli studi astrofisici che per quelli di laboratorio. L’obiettivo principale di questa tesi è stato quello di riprodurre, attraverso simulazioni computazionali, l’andamento del riscaldamento ionico dipendente dalla massa osservato nel dispositivo MST, un Reversed Field Pinch (RFP) statunitense, ovvero un tipo di esperimento di fusione basato sul confinamento magnetico. Dal punto di vista teorico, si è assunto che l’energizzazione delle particelle sia causata dall’interazione con onde di Alfvén, generate durante gli eventi di riconnessione nel plasma. Nella prima parte del lavoro, l’attenzione è stata rivolta all’identificazione di tali eccitazioni temporali all’interno di simulazioni magnetoidrodinamiche (MHD) eseguite in una configurazione di campo magnetico RFP, utilizzando il codice SpeCyl. I dati del campo magnetico sono stati analizzati mediante trasformata di Fourier temporale, evidenziando picchi discreti di frequenza all’interno dello spettro alfvénico, eccitati durante la riconnessione. Per studiare il riscaldamento delle particelle, è stato impiegato un approccio test particle, sviluppando un codice hamiltoniano in grado di tracciare l’evoluzione energetica degli ioni. Questo algoritmo presenta l’importante proprietà di essere simplettico, ovvero che, pur risolvendo numericamente le equazioni del moto, non viene introdotta alcuna dissipazione artificiale. Poiché tale approccio richiede una conoscenza esplicita della funzione hamiltoniana, i potenziali scalare e vettoriale sono stati ricostruiti a partire dai dati MHD. Infine, sono state condotte simulazioni di particelle per idrogeno, deuterio ed elio. Innanzitutto, il riscladamento è stato dimostrato per tutte e tre le specie. L’atteso andamento dipendente dalla massa, invece, non è stato riprodotto; al contrario, quello osservato è risultato compatibile con la presenza di un campo elettrico generato durante l’evento di riconnessione. Inoltre, in MST è stato misurato che la componente del riscaldamento parallela e perpendicolare al campo magnetico era comparabile, mentre, nelle simulazioni eseguite, l’energizzazione è praticamente completamente nella direzione parallela. Per di più, facendo simulazioni aggiuntive in cui lo spettro delle fluttuazioni alfvéniche è stato rimosso, una riduzione complessiva del riscaldamento è stata osservata, ma non la sua scomparsa. Si può quindi concludere che, utilizzando questo approccio, basato sulla simulazione del moto delle particelle a partire dai campi MHD, il contributo dominante al riscaldamento ionico deriva dal campo elettrico, il quale tuttavia non può spiegare l’andamento dipendente dalla massa osservato sperimentalmente in MST.
Ion heating by low frequency waves during magnetic reconnection
Martinelli, Lorenzo
2024/2025
Abstract
This research aims to deepen the understanding of particle heating during magnetic reconnection events in plasmas, a fundamental topic of interest for both astrophysical and laboratory studies. The main objective of this thesis was to reproduce, through computational simulations, the mass-dependent ion heating trend observed in the Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) device, a U.S. Reversed Field Pinch (RFP) magnetic confinement fusion experiment. From a theoretical standpoint, particle energization was assumed to be caused by the interaction with Alfvén waves, which are generated during the reconnection events in the plasma. In the first part of the work, the focus was on identifying these temporal excitations within Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations performed in a RFP magnetic field configuration, using the SpeCyl code. The magnetic field data were analyzed via temporal Fourier transform, revealing discrete frequency peaks within the Alfvénic spectrum excited during the reconnection. To investigate particle heating, a test-particle approach was employed by developing a Hamiltonian code capable of tracking the ions’ energy evolution. This algorithm has the important property of being symplectic, meaning that, even though the motion equations are solved numerically, no artificial dissipation is introduced. Since the approach requires explicit knowledge of the Hamiltonian function, the scalar and vector potentials were reconstructed from the MHD data. Finally, particle simulations were carried out for hydrogen, deuterium, and helium. The first result obtained was the demonstration of effective particles heating. However, the expected mass-dependent ion heating was not reproduced. Instead, the observed trend was compatible with the presence of an electric field generated during the reconnection event. Moreover, experimental measurements in MST showed comparable heating in both the parallel and perpendicular directions relative to the magnetic field, while the simulations exhibited significant heating only in the parallel direction. The case in which the Alfvénic fluctuations spectrum was removed was considered, resulting in a reduction of the overall heating, but it did not disappear. Therefore, it can be concluded that, within this approach, particle-tracking simulation starting from MHD fields, the dominant contribution to ion heating arises from the electric field, which cannot account for the mass-dependent trend observed in MST.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Martinelli_Thesis.pdf
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2025_12_Martinelli_Executive_summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247408