The growing trend to decarbonize energy systems and strengthen energy security has made large-scale energy storage a vital part of global energy transition. Lithium-ion batteries have dominated energy storage, their limitation in duration, cost and scalability highlight the need for alternative storage technology that can deliver flexibility over longer time frames. This thesis explores Carnot Battery - a class of thermo-mechanical storage systems that convert electricity into heat, store it efficiently and reconvert it back to electricity when required. The first part of the thesis examines the technical foundations of Carnot batteries, explaining their working principle, key system components, and performance indicators. It analyzes the thermodynamic efficiency of various configurations based on Rankine, Brayton, and liquid-air cycles and reviews state of the art prototypes such as Siemens Gamesa ETES, MAN ETES, and Highview Power LAES. A detailed assessment of storage media, component design, and reversible machinery highlights both the technological maturity and existing R&D challenges. The second part focuses on the market context and global drivers influencing the development of long-duration storage. It discusses the rapid growth of renewable generation, declining technology costs, and national energy transition strategies in leading markets including the European Union, the United States, China, India, and Australia. These regions are shown to be shaping storage deployment through policy incentives, industrial support, and decarbonization mandates. The final section reviews the policy and regulatory frameworks that govern energy storage adoption, with emphasis on EU initiatives such as Fit for 55, REPowerEU, and the Innovation Fund, as well as the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act and China’s “dual-carbon” agenda. These frameworks are creating a clearer pathway for integrating Carnot batteries into future energy systems. Overall, the thesis concludes that Carnot batteries can bridge the gap between short-duration electrochemical storage and seasonal storage technologies. By leveraging abundant materials, established industrial processes, and the flexibility of thermal energy conversion, they offer a scalable and sustainable solution for balancing renewable generation. However, it is not yet commercially developed. With continued technological innovation, supportive policies, and large-scale demonstrations, Carnot batteries have the potential to become a key enabler of a reliable, decarbonized energy future.
La crescente tendenza alla decarbonizzazione dei sistemi energetici e al rafforzamento della sicurezza energetica ha reso l’accumulo di energia su larga scala una componente fondamentale della transizione energetica globale. Le batterie agli ioni di litio hanno finora dominato lo storage di energia, ma i loro limiti in termini di durata, costo e scalabilità evidenziano la necessità di tecnologie di accumulo alternative in grado di garantire flessibilità su orizzonti temporali più lunghi. Questa tesi analizza le batterie Carnot, una classe di sistemi di accumulo termo-meccanico che convertono l’energia elettrica in calore, la immagazzinano in modo efficiente e la riconvertono in elettricità quando necessario. La prima parte della tesi esamina le fondamenta tecniche delle batterie Carnot, illustrandone il principio di funzionamento, i principali componenti di sistema e gli indicatori di prestazione. Viene analizzata l’efficienza termodinamica di diverse configurazioni – basate su cicli Rankine, Brayton e ad aria liquida – e vengono passati in rassegna prototipi allo stato dell’arte quali Siemens Gamesa ETES, MAN ETES e Highview Power LAES. Una valutazione dettagliata dei mezzi di accumulo, della progettazione dei componenti e dei macchinari reversibili mette in luce sia il grado di maturità tecnologica sia le sfide di ricerca e sviluppo ancora aperte. La seconda parte si concentra sul contesto di mercato e sui driver globali che influenzano lo sviluppo dei sistemi di accumulo di lunga durata. Sono analizzati la rapida crescita della generazione da fonti rinnovabili, la riduzione dei costi tecnologici e le strategie nazionali di transizione energetica nei principali mercati, tra cui Unione Europea, Stati Uniti, Cina, India e Australia. Queste regioni contribuiscono a modellare la diffusione dello storage attraverso incentivi di politica energetica, misure di sostegno industriale e mandati di decarbonizzazione. L’ultima sezione esamina i quadri politici e regolatori che governano l’adozione dei sistemi di accumulo, con particolare attenzione alle iniziative dell’UE quali Fit for 55, REPowerEU e Innovation Fund, all’Inflation Reduction Act degli Stati Uniti e all’agenda cinese “dual-carbon”. Tali strumenti stanno delineando un percorso più chiaro per l’integrazione delle batterie Carnot nei futuri sistemi energetici. Nel complesso, la tesi conclude che le batterie Carnot possono colmare il divario tra lo storage elettrochimico di breve durata e le tecnologie di accumulo stagionale. Grazie all’impiego di materiali abbondanti, a processi industriali consolidati e alla flessibilità della conversione termica dell’energia, esse offrono una soluzione scalabile e sostenibile per bilanciare la generazione rinnovabile. Tuttavia, la tecnologia non è ancora pienamente sviluppata e commercializzata. Con il progredire dell’innovazione tecnologica, politiche di supporto adeguate e dimostrazioni su larga scala, le batterie Carnot hanno il potenziale per diventare un elemento chiave di un futuro sistema energetico affidabile e decarbonizzato.
Market analysis and regulatory frameworks reviews for carnot batteries systems
Kannan, Periasamy
2025/2026
Abstract
The growing trend to decarbonize energy systems and strengthen energy security has made large-scale energy storage a vital part of global energy transition. Lithium-ion batteries have dominated energy storage, their limitation in duration, cost and scalability highlight the need for alternative storage technology that can deliver flexibility over longer time frames. This thesis explores Carnot Battery - a class of thermo-mechanical storage systems that convert electricity into heat, store it efficiently and reconvert it back to electricity when required. The first part of the thesis examines the technical foundations of Carnot batteries, explaining their working principle, key system components, and performance indicators. It analyzes the thermodynamic efficiency of various configurations based on Rankine, Brayton, and liquid-air cycles and reviews state of the art prototypes such as Siemens Gamesa ETES, MAN ETES, and Highview Power LAES. A detailed assessment of storage media, component design, and reversible machinery highlights both the technological maturity and existing R&D challenges. The second part focuses on the market context and global drivers influencing the development of long-duration storage. It discusses the rapid growth of renewable generation, declining technology costs, and national energy transition strategies in leading markets including the European Union, the United States, China, India, and Australia. These regions are shown to be shaping storage deployment through policy incentives, industrial support, and decarbonization mandates. The final section reviews the policy and regulatory frameworks that govern energy storage adoption, with emphasis on EU initiatives such as Fit for 55, REPowerEU, and the Innovation Fund, as well as the U.S. Inflation Reduction Act and China’s “dual-carbon” agenda. These frameworks are creating a clearer pathway for integrating Carnot batteries into future energy systems. Overall, the thesis concludes that Carnot batteries can bridge the gap between short-duration electrochemical storage and seasonal storage technologies. By leveraging abundant materials, established industrial processes, and the flexibility of thermal energy conversion, they offer a scalable and sustainable solution for balancing renewable generation. However, it is not yet commercially developed. With continued technological innovation, supportive policies, and large-scale demonstrations, Carnot batteries have the potential to become a key enabler of a reliable, decarbonized energy future.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
2025_12_kannan_periasamy_tessi.pdf
accessibile in internet solo dagli utenti autorizzati
Descrizione: Detailed Market analysis and Regulatory frameworks reviews of Carnot Batteries Systems.
Dimensione
7.65 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
7.65 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in POLITesi sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247443