Highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) has been a major advancement in total hip arthroplasty (THA), significantly reducing wear rates and the need for revisions compared to conventional ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, volumetric wear and the associated periprosthetic tissue response remain one of the key issues in long-term THA outcomes; in fact, recent findings indicate that HXLPE components generate finer wear particles that seem to induce a stronger inflammatory cell response, potentially leading to osteolysis and subsequently implant failure. Also, variations in the manufacturing processes of HXLPE across different manufacturers may influence the cross-linking degree of the polymer, thus significantly affecting the in vivo tribological behavior of these materials. Thus, this study is designed to address three specific goals: 1) To establish volumetric wear rates of surgically retrieved HXLPE liners, and to identify material, patient demographic, and surgical positioning factors that drive wear and its in vivo patterns. 2) To determine the robustness of wear assessment of retrieved HXLPE liners with an optical CMM, and 3) to determine the contribution of intracellular PE wear accumulation on the periprosthetic tissue response associated with PE liners. From a cohort of 120 retrieved HXLPE liners, 80 were analyzed, revealing that Highcross liners appear to have a wear rate more than times higher than Durasul liners (median of 15.7 mm3/y vs 3.7 mm3/y). Significant determinants of wear rate included time in situ, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System and weight. A machine learning-based approach for wear pattern analysis was established and revealed five distinct clusters, characterized by significantly different wear scar location, volumetric wear, wear rates, and liner sphericity. Wear assessments via optical CMM were shown to have excellent inter-rater reliability, as well as repeatability, while also proving consistent results compared to physiologically accurate simulator testing. Optical CMM results showed an absolute median deviation of 22.9 mm3 (14.9%) from the gravimetric measurements, when sufficient reference area was available. FTIR-I confirms phagocytic uptake of wear particles and the early inflammatory response characteristic of osteolysis, even when undetected via conventional histological analysis. While still at a preliminary stage, detection of intracellular accumulation of HXLPE particles and Macrophage Scores positively correlated with wear rates (C = 0.692, p = 0.001; C = 569, p = 0.014).
Il polietilene altamente reticolato (HXLPE) ha rappresentato un importante progresso nella chirurgia di sostituzione totale d’anca (THA), riducendo in modo significativo i tassi di usura e la necessità di revisioni rispetto al polietilene ad altissimo peso molecolare (UHMWPE). Tuttavia, l’usura volumetrica e la conseguente risposta tissutale periprotesica rimangono tra le principali problematiche a lungo termine negli esiti dell’operazione; infatti, recenti evidenze indicano che i componenti in HXLPE generano particelle d’usura di minor dimensione, capaci di indurre una risposta infiammatoria cellulare più intensa, potenzialmente conducendo a osteolisi e, successivamente, al fallimento dell’impianto protesico. Inoltre, variazioni nei processi di produzione dell’HXLPE tra i diversi produttori possono influenzare il grado di reticolazione del polimero, con un impatto significativo sulle performance di questi materiali in vivo. Questo studio è stato pertanto progettato per perseguire tre obiettivi specifici: 1) determinare i tassi di usura volumetrica dei liner in HXLPE recuperati chirurgicamente e identificare i fattori materiali, demografici e chirurgici che influenzano l’usura e i relativi pattern in vivo; 2) valutare l’affidabilità delle misurazioni di usura dei liner in HXLPE tramite macchina di misura a coordinate ottica (CMM); 3) analizzare il contributo dell’accumulo intracellulare di particelle di PE alla risposta tissutale periprotesica associata ai liner in HXLPE. Da una coorte di 120 liner in HXLPE espiantati, ne sono stati analizzati 80, rivelando che i liner Highcross presentano un tasso di usura oltre quattro volte superiore rispetto ai liner Durasul (mediana di 15,7 mm³/anno contro 3,7 mm³/anno), con tempo in situ, classificazione ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System) e peso corporeo come determinanti significativi dell’usura volumetrica. È stato inoltre sviluppato un approccio basato su machine learning per l’analisi dei pattern di usura, che ha individuato cinque cluster distinti, caratterizzati da differenze significative nella localizzazione della zona d’usura, nel volume d’usura, nei tassi di usura e nella sfericità dei liner. Le valutazioni di usura eseguite tramite CMM ottica hanno mostrato un’eccellente affidabilità inter-operatore e una buona ripetibilità, oltre a fornire risultati coerenti rispetto ai test condotti con simulatori fisiologicamente accurati. I risultati ottenuti con il sistema Redlux hanno mostrato una deviazione mediana assoluta di 22,9 mm³ (14,9%) rispetto alle misurazioni gravimetriche, quando era disponibile un’adeguata area di riferimento. Le analisi FTIR-I hanno confermato la fagocitosi delle particelle d’usura e la relativa risposta infiammatoria caratteristica dell’osteolisi, anche quando non rilevabile tramite analisi istologica convenzionale. Sebbene ancora in una fase preliminare, la rilevazione dell’accumulo intracellulare di particelle di HXLPE tramite FTIR-I e i Macrophage Scores hanno mostrato una correlazione positiva con i tassi di usura (C = 0,692, p = 0,001; C = 0,569, p = 0,014).
In vivo wear performance of highly-crosslinked polyethylene in total hip arthroplasty
PORRATI, VALERIO
2024/2025
Abstract
Highly cross-linked polyethylene (HXLPE) has been a major advancement in total hip arthroplasty (THA), significantly reducing wear rates and the need for revisions compared to conventional ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, volumetric wear and the associated periprosthetic tissue response remain one of the key issues in long-term THA outcomes; in fact, recent findings indicate that HXLPE components generate finer wear particles that seem to induce a stronger inflammatory cell response, potentially leading to osteolysis and subsequently implant failure. Also, variations in the manufacturing processes of HXLPE across different manufacturers may influence the cross-linking degree of the polymer, thus significantly affecting the in vivo tribological behavior of these materials. Thus, this study is designed to address three specific goals: 1) To establish volumetric wear rates of surgically retrieved HXLPE liners, and to identify material, patient demographic, and surgical positioning factors that drive wear and its in vivo patterns. 2) To determine the robustness of wear assessment of retrieved HXLPE liners with an optical CMM, and 3) to determine the contribution of intracellular PE wear accumulation on the periprosthetic tissue response associated with PE liners. From a cohort of 120 retrieved HXLPE liners, 80 were analyzed, revealing that Highcross liners appear to have a wear rate more than times higher than Durasul liners (median of 15.7 mm3/y vs 3.7 mm3/y). Significant determinants of wear rate included time in situ, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System and weight. A machine learning-based approach for wear pattern analysis was established and revealed five distinct clusters, characterized by significantly different wear scar location, volumetric wear, wear rates, and liner sphericity. Wear assessments via optical CMM were shown to have excellent inter-rater reliability, as well as repeatability, while also proving consistent results compared to physiologically accurate simulator testing. Optical CMM results showed an absolute median deviation of 22.9 mm3 (14.9%) from the gravimetric measurements, when sufficient reference area was available. FTIR-I confirms phagocytic uptake of wear particles and the early inflammatory response characteristic of osteolysis, even when undetected via conventional histological analysis. While still at a preliminary stage, detection of intracellular accumulation of HXLPE particles and Macrophage Scores positively correlated with wear rates (C = 0.692, p = 0.001; C = 569, p = 0.014).| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247463