Microcredit originated in Bangladesh with the aim of reducing poverty, providing access to credit for the unbanked and promoting women's empowerment. It has also had an effective impact in developed countries, with the main objective of promoting financial inclusion by enabling self-employment. Therefore, an analysis of the scientific literature was conducted using the PRISMA method to explore the difference in the impact of microcredit between developed and developing countries and how it is able to reduce the gap in access to credit. The analysis reveals a large study focused on gender differences. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the difficulty of accessing credit in terms of amount and speed by adopting an inter-categorical approach. In fact, gender, ethnicity, skin colour, and LGBTQ+ identity are analysed simultaneously. The thesis aims to answer the following research question: How do founders’ intersectional diversity affect access to microcredit in US startups? To answer this question, two samples of companies were analysed: the first with at least one female founder, whose degree of diversity is categorised using the proposed model, and the second founded exclusively by men. A 1:1 matching based on propensity score was performed, allowing for the comparison of similar funding rounds, differentiated exclusively by the diversity of the founders. In particular, the research aims to verify whether there are significant differences in the amount of funding received between the two clusters and to analyse any disparities in the time taken to access capital. The results show that in terms of amounts, the effect is positive but emerges above all in the interaction between gender and political orientation. In terms of time, however, inclusive teams access capital more quickly. At the regional level in the United States, compared to the Northeast, the South raises less capital on average, with a slight attenuation in the Southwest, and presents a compromise in terms of timing, with the Southwest being faster and the Southeast slower. Political orientation is not an independent factor in the size of the rounds but, simply modulates the timing in interaction with gender composition.
Il microcredito nasce in Bangladesh con l’obiettivo di ridurre la povertà, permettere l’accesso al credito ai non bancabili e promuovere l’emancipazione femminile. Ha, poi, riscontrato un efficace impatto anche nei paesi sviluppati con l’obiettivo principale di promuovere l’inclusione finanziaria. Pertanto, è stata condotta un’analisi della letteratura scientifica tramite il metodo PRISMA per esplorare la differenza d’impatto del microcredito tra paesi sviluppati e in via di sviluppo, e come questo fosse in grado di ridurre il gap di accesso al credito. Dall’analisi risultano studi ampiamente focalizzati sulla differenza uomo-donna. Perciò, questo studio si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare l’accesso al credito in termini di ammontare e velocità, adottando un approccio intercategoriale. Il modello proposto permette di analizzare contemporaneamente genere, etnia, colore della pelle, e identità LGBTQ+. La tesi mira quindi a rispondere alla seguente domanda di ricerca: In che modo la diversità intersezionale dei fondatori influisce sull'accesso al microcredito nelle startup statunitensi? Per rispondere a questa domanda, sono stati analizzati due campioni di aziende: il primo con almeno una fondatrice donna, il cui grado di diversità è categorizzato tramite il modello proposto, e il secondo fondate esclusivamente da uomini. È stato effettuato un abbinamento 1:1 basato sul propensity score permettendo il confronto di round di finanziamento simili, differenziati esclusivamente dalla composizione del team fondatore. In particolare, la ricerca si pone di verificare, se esistono differenze significative nell'ammontare dei finanziamenti ricevuti tra i due cluster, ed analizzare eventuali disparità nei tempi di accesso al capitale. I risultati mostrano che in termini di importi, l'effetto è positivo ma emerge soprattutto nell'interazione tra genere e orientamento politico. Invece, in termini di tempo, i team inclusivi accedono più rapidamente al capitale. A livello territoriale, rispetto al Nord-Est, il Sud raccoglie in media meno capitali, con un'attenuazione nel Sud-Ovest, e presenta un compromesso in termini di tempistiche, con un Sud-Ovest più rapido e un Sud-Est meno. L'orientamento politico non risulta un fattore indipendente per la dimensione dei round, semplicemente modula i tempi in interazione con la composizione di genere.
The intersectional diversity of entrepreneurs in the access to microcredit: an analysis of US firms
Sposato, Chiara
2024/2025
Abstract
Microcredit originated in Bangladesh with the aim of reducing poverty, providing access to credit for the unbanked and promoting women's empowerment. It has also had an effective impact in developed countries, with the main objective of promoting financial inclusion by enabling self-employment. Therefore, an analysis of the scientific literature was conducted using the PRISMA method to explore the difference in the impact of microcredit between developed and developing countries and how it is able to reduce the gap in access to credit. The analysis reveals a large study focused on gender differences. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the difficulty of accessing credit in terms of amount and speed by adopting an inter-categorical approach. In fact, gender, ethnicity, skin colour, and LGBTQ+ identity are analysed simultaneously. The thesis aims to answer the following research question: How do founders’ intersectional diversity affect access to microcredit in US startups? To answer this question, two samples of companies were analysed: the first with at least one female founder, whose degree of diversity is categorised using the proposed model, and the second founded exclusively by men. A 1:1 matching based on propensity score was performed, allowing for the comparison of similar funding rounds, differentiated exclusively by the diversity of the founders. In particular, the research aims to verify whether there are significant differences in the amount of funding received between the two clusters and to analyse any disparities in the time taken to access capital. The results show that in terms of amounts, the effect is positive but emerges above all in the interaction between gender and political orientation. In terms of time, however, inclusive teams access capital more quickly. At the regional level in the United States, compared to the Northeast, the South raises less capital on average, with a slight attenuation in the Southwest, and presents a compromise in terms of timing, with the Southwest being faster and the Southeast slower. Political orientation is not an independent factor in the size of the rounds but, simply modulates the timing in interaction with gender composition.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Sposato_01_Master_Thesis.pdf
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Descrizione: Master Thesis
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2025_12_Sposato_02_Executive_Summary.pdf
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Descrizione: Executive Summary
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247480