Extrusion-based 3D food printing is an emerging technique for producing structured, customized, and sustainable food products. By combining different plant-based ingredients, it is possible to design a variety of shapes, textures, and flavors. The success of the printing process depends on two critical stages: the extrusion of the ink and the post-deposition structural build-up. This study specifically focuses on investigating how the time-dependent structural breakdown and recovery of the ink influence the stability, shape fidelity, and dimensional accuracy of the deposited filaments. Many 3D printing inks are yield-stress materials, which behave as soft solids under small stress but flow like viscous liquids above a critical yield stress. During extrusion, these inks undergo structural rearrangement and partial breakdown, exhibiting shear-thinning behavior. After deposition, the inks rebuild their network over time in a thixotropic recovery process, which must occur on an appropriate timescale to retain the desired filament geometry. Understanding these dynamics is therefore essential for predicting printing outcomes and optimizing ink formulations. In this work, rheological characterization was first conducted on model systems, such as Carbopol hydrogels, chosen for their well-defined viscoelastic and yield-stress behavior, to develop and validate experimental protocols. These protocols were then applied to structured pea-based food inks, formulated with starch, fiber, and protein, to assess key properties including yield stress, viscoelastic moduli, and time-dependent thixotropic recovery. Steady-shear, creep, and oscillatory tests, including Three-Interval Thixotropy Tests (3ITT), revealed that the food inks form stiff, interconnected networks that partially break down under applied stress and recover over time. The results highlight the importance of controlled extrusion conditions and demonstrate that 3ITT tests are valuable for capturing thixotropic behavior. While these findings provide insights for optimizing printing parameters, the quantitative link between rheological properties and overall printability remains to be fully established.
La stampa 3D di alimenti basata sull’estrusione è una tecnica emergente per la produzione di prodotti alimentari strutturati, personalizzati e sostenibili. Combinando diversi ingredienti di origine vegetale, è possibile ottenere una varietà di forme, texture e sapori. Il successo del processo di stampa dipende da due fasi critiche: l’estrusione dell’inchiostro e la successiva ricostruzione strutturale post-deposizione. Questo studio si concentra in particolare sull’indagine di come il cedimento strutturale e il recupero dell’inchiostro, dipendenti dal tempo, influenzino la stabilità, la fedeltà di forma e la precisione dimensionale dei filamenti depositati. In questo lavoro, la caratterizzazione reologica è stata inizialmente condotta su materiali modello, come gli idrogel di Carbopol, scelti per le loro proprietà ben definite di moduli viscoelastici e stress di snervamento, al fine di sviluppare e validare protocolli sperimentali capaci di catturare sia risposte stazionarie che dipendenti dal tempo. I protocolli sviluppati sono stati poi applicati a inchiostri alimentari strutturati, specificamente paste a base di pisello contenenti amido, proteine e fibre, per valutare le proprietà chiave (stress di snervamento, moduli viscoelastici e recupero tissotropico) e investigare come queste influenzino la capacità di estrusione e la stabilità dei filamenti dopo il deposito. Test a taglio costante, creep e oscillatori, inclusi i Three-Interval Thixotropy Tests (3ITT), hanno mostrato che gli inchiostri alimentari possiedono una rete elastica interconnessa che si degrada parzialmente sotto stress applicato e si ricostruisce nel tempo, sottolineando l’importanza di condizioni di estrusione controllate. I risultati indicano che i test 3ITT sono strumenti efficaci per indagare il comportamento tissotropico e suggeriscono che combinare i parametri reologici con la cinetica di recupero può guidare la selezione delle condizioni di stampa, anche se il collegamento quantitativo con la performance di stampa complessiva richiede ulteriori approfondimenti.
Experimental characterization of time dependent structural breakdown and recovery of food inks
Dutti, Davide
2024/2025
Abstract
Extrusion-based 3D food printing is an emerging technique for producing structured, customized, and sustainable food products. By combining different plant-based ingredients, it is possible to design a variety of shapes, textures, and flavors. The success of the printing process depends on two critical stages: the extrusion of the ink and the post-deposition structural build-up. This study specifically focuses on investigating how the time-dependent structural breakdown and recovery of the ink influence the stability, shape fidelity, and dimensional accuracy of the deposited filaments. Many 3D printing inks are yield-stress materials, which behave as soft solids under small stress but flow like viscous liquids above a critical yield stress. During extrusion, these inks undergo structural rearrangement and partial breakdown, exhibiting shear-thinning behavior. After deposition, the inks rebuild their network over time in a thixotropic recovery process, which must occur on an appropriate timescale to retain the desired filament geometry. Understanding these dynamics is therefore essential for predicting printing outcomes and optimizing ink formulations. In this work, rheological characterization was first conducted on model systems, such as Carbopol hydrogels, chosen for their well-defined viscoelastic and yield-stress behavior, to develop and validate experimental protocols. These protocols were then applied to structured pea-based food inks, formulated with starch, fiber, and protein, to assess key properties including yield stress, viscoelastic moduli, and time-dependent thixotropic recovery. Steady-shear, creep, and oscillatory tests, including Three-Interval Thixotropy Tests (3ITT), revealed that the food inks form stiff, interconnected networks that partially break down under applied stress and recover over time. The results highlight the importance of controlled extrusion conditions and demonstrate that 3ITT tests are valuable for capturing thixotropic behavior. While these findings provide insights for optimizing printing parameters, the quantitative link between rheological properties and overall printability remains to be fully established.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Davide_Dutti___Executive_Summary.pdf
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Davide_Dutti___Master_Thesis.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247504