Carbyne is defined as the allotrope of carbon consisting in an infinitely long sp-hybridized chains; it can assume two forms: one consisting of alternating single and triple bonds (polyyne, semiconducting) and one consisting of cumulated double bonds (cumulene, metallic), with the former being favored due to Peierls distortion. However, due to its intrinsic instability, only finite sp-carbon chains, named Carbon Atomic Wires (CAWs) exist. By modifying their chain length and terminal groups, it is possible to adjust their optical and vibrational behavior, making them potential candidates as tunable-gap materials for future opto-electronic devices. Further tuning and improvement of their electronic properties can be achieved by doping. The goal of this work is to provide experimental evidence of the accessible charged states of cumulenic CAWs and to characterize them through electrochemical, Raman, and UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements. They were performed on two phenyl-terminated cumulenes of different lengths, namely: [3]Ph and [5]Ph. Also [1]Ph is studied to get insight into the role of phenyl terminations (even if it is not a cumulene). The use of in-operando experimental setup was necessary to perform these measurements. Its development and optimization has constituted a core portion of the work. Cyclic Voltammetry revealed the accessible oxidized and reduced states of each cumulene, noting that the energy required for the charge transfer and the reversibility of the reaction decreases with the chain length. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed that, upon charge transfer, a red-shift in the absorption features occurs, along with the formation of polaronic bands. Meanwhile, Raman spectroscopy reveals a blue-shift of their ECC mode (a collective vibration of the sp-carbon chain). This can be interpreted as an increase in Bond Length Alternation (BLA) and a consequent stiffening of the sp-carbon chain. The degradation of [3]Ph and [5]Ph at high voltage was found to be responsible for the deposition of nanometric films composed of nanoparticles on the working electrode. They preserve the ECC Raman mode of the parental cumulenes, thus implying the possibility of synthesizing functionalized films and nanostructures.
La carbina è definita come l’allotropo del carbonio sp, costituito da catene infinitamente lunghe. Essa può assumere due forme: una costituita da legami singoli e tripli alternati (poliina, semiconduttore) e l’altra da doppi legami consecutivi (cumulene, conduttore); la prima è favorita a causa della distorsione di Peierls. Tuttavia, a causa della sua instabilità intrinseca, è stato finora possibile ottenere solamente catene finite di carbonio sp, ovvero i Carbon Atomic Wires (CAWs). Le loro proprietà ottiche e vibrazionali possono essere adattate a piacimento variando la lunghezza della catena e le terminazioni, rendendoli potenziali candidati per applicazioni optoelettroniche grazie al loro gap regolabile. Un metodo per migliorare ulteriormente le loro proprietà elettroniche è il drogaggio. L’obiettivo di questa tesi consiste nell’ottenere, tramite un apparato elettrochimico, diversi stati di carica dei cumuleni e nel caratterizzarli mediante misure di spettroscopia Raman e UV-Vis. A tal fine, sono stati studiati due cumuleni aventi terminazioni feniliche di diversa lunghezza: il [3]Ph e il [5]Ph. Anche l’[1]Ph è stato studiato per comprendere il ruolo delle terminazioni feniliche (pur non essendo un cumulene). Per effettuare tali misure è stato necessario sviluppare e ottimizzare un setup per misure in operando. Le voltammetrie cicliche hanno rivelato l’esistenza degli stati di carica accessibili per i suddetti cumuleni. All’aumentare della lunghezza della molecola, l’energia richiesta per il processo di trasferimento di carica e la sua reversibilità diminuiscono. La spettroscopia UV-Vis ha mostrato un effetto batocromico nei picchi di assorbimento, insieme alla formazione di bande polaroniche. La spettroscopia Raman, invece, ha rilevato lo spostamento del picco ECC (legato all’oscillazione collettiva della catena di carbonio sp) verso numeri d’onda maggiori negli stati carichi, indicando un aumento della Bond Length Alternation (BLA) e un conseguente irrigidimento della catena di carbonio sp. La degradazione di [3]Ph e [5]Ph ad elevate tensioni ha generato film nanometrici di nanoparticelle sull’elettrodo. Essi conservano il picco Raman relativo alla ECC dei cumuleni, implicando la possibilità di sintetizzare film e nanostrutture funzionalizzate.
In-operando spectroscopy of the charged states in odd- ncumulenes
Notarnicola, Claudio
2024/2025
Abstract
Carbyne is defined as the allotrope of carbon consisting in an infinitely long sp-hybridized chains; it can assume two forms: one consisting of alternating single and triple bonds (polyyne, semiconducting) and one consisting of cumulated double bonds (cumulene, metallic), with the former being favored due to Peierls distortion. However, due to its intrinsic instability, only finite sp-carbon chains, named Carbon Atomic Wires (CAWs) exist. By modifying their chain length and terminal groups, it is possible to adjust their optical and vibrational behavior, making them potential candidates as tunable-gap materials for future opto-electronic devices. Further tuning and improvement of their electronic properties can be achieved by doping. The goal of this work is to provide experimental evidence of the accessible charged states of cumulenic CAWs and to characterize them through electrochemical, Raman, and UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements. They were performed on two phenyl-terminated cumulenes of different lengths, namely: [3]Ph and [5]Ph. Also [1]Ph is studied to get insight into the role of phenyl terminations (even if it is not a cumulene). The use of in-operando experimental setup was necessary to perform these measurements. Its development and optimization has constituted a core portion of the work. Cyclic Voltammetry revealed the accessible oxidized and reduced states of each cumulene, noting that the energy required for the charge transfer and the reversibility of the reaction decreases with the chain length. UV-Vis spectroscopy showed that, upon charge transfer, a red-shift in the absorption features occurs, along with the formation of polaronic bands. Meanwhile, Raman spectroscopy reveals a blue-shift of their ECC mode (a collective vibration of the sp-carbon chain). This can be interpreted as an increase in Bond Length Alternation (BLA) and a consequent stiffening of the sp-carbon chain. The degradation of [3]Ph and [5]Ph at high voltage was found to be responsible for the deposition of nanometric films composed of nanoparticles on the working electrode. They preserve the ECC Raman mode of the parental cumulenes, thus implying the possibility of synthesizing functionalized films and nanostructures.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Thesis_Claudio_Notarnicola.pdf
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Executive_Summary_Claudio_Notarnicola.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247531