Climate change is emerging increasingly not only as an environmental challenge but also as an economic and financial one. The increased frequency and intensity of extreme events, such as floods, heatwaves, and droughts, have generated hundreds of billions of euros in damages across European countries, often with insufficient insurance coverage. In Italy, approximately a quarter of the housing stock faces flood risk and is structurally underinsured, with annual expected losses estimated at €3 billion. These elements point to a pressing need to reconsider how climate risk is integrated into real estate markets and credit evaluation practices. This thesis investigates the relationship between climate risk, property value, and financial stability and, therefore, aims at understanding whether physical climate risks, mostly floods, are already priced into property prices and lending criteria. The thesis explores the "delta value" idea, that is, the potential gap between the market value of a property and its effective value once climate risk is taken into account, which is still largely underestimated. After reconstructing the relevant regulatory and policy framework, this thesis discusses the limits of traditional property valuation methods and introduces the concept of "prudent value," which aims to provide a more conservative estimate that is sustainable in the long term. Complemented by a case study regarding the flood that affected thousands of homes in the Emilia-Romagna region in 2023, the paper underlines the vulnerability of the built environment and the low insurance penetration, underlining potential implications for the banking system. The findings highlight that climate risk is a tangible factor in the devaluation of real estate assets, but it is still poorly integrated into current financial and valuation models. Empirical evidence from the Emilia-Romagna case provides important indications of remarkable value losses, mainly in smaller towns, and delayed market reactions. On the other hand, the impossibility of a full risk assessment is confirmed due to the absence of structured data on properties and financial exposures. The thesis emphasizes the need to adopt more prudent valuation standards, the introduction of analytic tools that should have the capability to estimate climate risk scenarios, and enhancements in urban adaptation as well as insurance policies. The structural integration of climate risk into valuation and lending processes seems to be an indispensable need to avoid vulnerabilities of today developing into systemic crises tomorrow.
Il cambiamento climatico sta emergendo sempre più chiaramente non solo come una sfida ambientale, ma anche come una questione economica e finanziaria. L’aumento della frequenza e dell’intensità degli eventi estremi, come alluvioni, ondate di calore e siccità, ha generato danni per centinaia di miliardi di euro nei Paesi europei, spesso in assenza di un’adeguata copertura assicurativa. In Italia, circa un quarto del patrimonio abitativo è esposto al rischio di alluvione e versa in una condizione di sottoassicurazione strutturale, con perdite annue stimate intorno ai 3 miliardi di euro. Questi elementi evidenziano l’urgente necessità di ripensare il modo in cui il rischio climatico viene integrato nei mercati immobiliari e nei criteri di valutazione del credito. Questa tesi analizza il legame tra rischio climatico, valore immobiliare e stabilità finanziaria, con l’obiettivo di comprendere se i rischi fisici legati al clima, in particolare le alluvioni, siano già incorporati nei prezzi degli immobili e nei criteri di concessione del credito. Il lavoro approfondisce il concetto di “delta valore”, ovvero il possibile divario tra il valore di mercato di un immobile e il suo valore effettivo una volta considerato il rischio climatico, un divario ancora in gran parte sottostimato. Dopo aver ricostruito il quadro normativo e regolamentare di riferimento, la tesi analizza i limiti delle metodologie tradizionali di valutazione immobiliare e introduce il concetto di “valore prudente”, pensato per offrire una stima più conservativa e sostenibile nel lungo periodo. L’analisi è arricchita da un caso studio sull’alluvione che ha colpito nel 2023 la regione Emilia-Romagna, danneggiando migliaia di abitazioni. Il caso mette in luce la vulnerabilità del patrimonio edilizio e la scarsa diffusione delle coperture assicurative, con potenziali ricadute per il sistema bancario. I risultati mostrano che il rischio climatico è un fattore concreto di svalutazione degli asset immobiliari, ma ancora scarsamente integrato nei modelli finanziari e valutativi attuali. Le evidenze empiriche del caso Emilia-Romagna evidenziano perdite di valore significative, soprattutto nei centri minori, e una reazione tardiva del mercato. D’altra parte, l’impossibilità di una valutazione completa del rischio è confermata dalla mancanza di dati strutturati sugli immobili e sulle esposizioni finanziarie. La tesi sottolinea la necessità di adottare standard valutativi più prudenziali, introdurre strumenti analitici capaci di stimare scenari di rischio climatico e rafforzare le politiche urbane di adattamento e le coperture assicurative. L’integrazione strutturale del rischio climatico nei processi di valutazione e concessione del credito appare indispensabile per evitare che le vulnerabilità odierne si trasformino nelle crisi sistemiche di domani.
When climate risk enters the price: the capitalisation of flood risk in the Emilia-Romagna real estate market
Quaranta, Elena
2024/2025
Abstract
Climate change is emerging increasingly not only as an environmental challenge but also as an economic and financial one. The increased frequency and intensity of extreme events, such as floods, heatwaves, and droughts, have generated hundreds of billions of euros in damages across European countries, often with insufficient insurance coverage. In Italy, approximately a quarter of the housing stock faces flood risk and is structurally underinsured, with annual expected losses estimated at €3 billion. These elements point to a pressing need to reconsider how climate risk is integrated into real estate markets and credit evaluation practices. This thesis investigates the relationship between climate risk, property value, and financial stability and, therefore, aims at understanding whether physical climate risks, mostly floods, are already priced into property prices and lending criteria. The thesis explores the "delta value" idea, that is, the potential gap between the market value of a property and its effective value once climate risk is taken into account, which is still largely underestimated. After reconstructing the relevant regulatory and policy framework, this thesis discusses the limits of traditional property valuation methods and introduces the concept of "prudent value," which aims to provide a more conservative estimate that is sustainable in the long term. Complemented by a case study regarding the flood that affected thousands of homes in the Emilia-Romagna region in 2023, the paper underlines the vulnerability of the built environment and the low insurance penetration, underlining potential implications for the banking system. The findings highlight that climate risk is a tangible factor in the devaluation of real estate assets, but it is still poorly integrated into current financial and valuation models. Empirical evidence from the Emilia-Romagna case provides important indications of remarkable value losses, mainly in smaller towns, and delayed market reactions. On the other hand, the impossibility of a full risk assessment is confirmed due to the absence of structured data on properties and financial exposures. The thesis emphasizes the need to adopt more prudent valuation standards, the introduction of analytic tools that should have the capability to estimate climate risk scenarios, and enhancements in urban adaptation as well as insurance policies. The structural integration of climate risk into valuation and lending processes seems to be an indispensable need to avoid vulnerabilities of today developing into systemic crises tomorrow.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247561