This thesis presents the results of a research project conducted during an internship at Milano Multiphysics S.R.L.S. in collaboration with NANO Nu- clear Energy Inc., focusing on the development of advanced simulation tools for the ZEUS microreactor prototype. The main objective of this work was to extend the OFFBEAT fuel performance code—originally based on OpenFOAM —to incor- porate materials characterized by anisotropic and orthotropic properties within its material library. Graphene was selected as the reference material due to its excep- tional combination of thermal, mechanical, and structural properties, which make it an attractive candidate for next-generation high-temperature reactor concepts. To properly represent its direction-dependent behavior, the OFFBEAT source code was modified to enable the definition and use of tensorial material properties, re- placing the traditional assumption of scalar, isotropic quantities. A series of veri- fication cases was then performed on simplified geometries, consisting of transient thermal analyses in which the heat conduction equation was integrated in time un- til a steady temperature field was reached, with the thermal conductivity defined through orthotropic conductivity tensors. These tests demonstrated the ability of the extended solver to correctly reproduce anisotropic heat transfer and validated the consistency of the new tensorial framework. After validation, the modified solver was applied to a simplified representation of the ZEUS reactor core, com- posed of graphene-based hexagonal blocks. The results confirmed the importance of a proper orientation of the in-plane high-conductivity directions of graphene to ensure effective heat removal and uniform temperature distribution within the conductive structure. This work establishes a robust foundation for future develop- ments, including extending the solver to anisotropic mechanical models, integrating additional tensor-based material descriptions, and strengthening the coupling be- tween thermal and structural analyses in OFFBEAT.
Questa tesi presenta i risultati di un progetto di ricerca svolto durante un tirocinio presso Milano Multiphysics S.R.L.S., in collaborazione con NANO Nuclear Energy Inc., dedicato allo sviluppo di strumenti di simulazione avanzati per il prototipo di microreattore ZEUS. L’obiettivo principale è stato estendere il codice di fuel performance OFFBEAT — basato sulla piattaforma OpenFOAM — per includere nella propria libreria materiali caratterizzati da proprietà anisotropiche e ortotropiche. Il materiale di riferimento è il grafene, scelto per le sue eccezionali proprietà termiche, meccaniche e strutturali, che lo rendono un candidato promettente per i sistemi nucleari di nuova generazione. Per rappresentarne correttamente il comportamento direzionale, il codice sorgente di OFFBEAT è stato modificato affinché potesse accettare proprietà materiali espresse tramite quantità tensoriali, superando la tradizionale assunzione isotropa basata su valori scalari. La validazione del nuovo framework è stata condotta attraverso una serie di casi di verifica su geometrie semplificate, eseguendo analisi termiche transitorie risolte nel tempo fino al raggiungimento della stazionarietà. In questi casi la conduttività termica è stata descritta mediante tensori ortotropici. I risultati ottenuti hanno dimostrato la capacità del solver esteso di riprodurre correttamente il trasferimento di calore anisotropico, confermandone la coerenza numerica e fisica. Successivamente, il solver modificato è stato applicato a una geometria semplificata del nocciolo del reattore ZEUS, costituita da blocchi esagonali in grafene. Le simulazioni hanno evidenziato l’importanza di un corretto orientamento delle direzioni ad alta conducibilità del grafene, fondamentale per garantire una rimozione del calore efficiente e una distribuzione termica uniforme all’interno della struttura conduttiva. Questo lavoro pone infine le basi per futuri sviluppi, tra cui l’estensione del solver a modelli meccanici anisotropi, l’integrazione di ulteriori materiali descrivibili tramite grandezze tensoriali e un accoppiamento più stretto tra analisi termica e strutturale all’interno di OFFBEAT.
Extension of OFFBEAT source code to support anisotropic material properties
Paiaro, Giuseppe
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis presents the results of a research project conducted during an internship at Milano Multiphysics S.R.L.S. in collaboration with NANO Nu- clear Energy Inc., focusing on the development of advanced simulation tools for the ZEUS microreactor prototype. The main objective of this work was to extend the OFFBEAT fuel performance code—originally based on OpenFOAM —to incor- porate materials characterized by anisotropic and orthotropic properties within its material library. Graphene was selected as the reference material due to its excep- tional combination of thermal, mechanical, and structural properties, which make it an attractive candidate for next-generation high-temperature reactor concepts. To properly represent its direction-dependent behavior, the OFFBEAT source code was modified to enable the definition and use of tensorial material properties, re- placing the traditional assumption of scalar, isotropic quantities. A series of veri- fication cases was then performed on simplified geometries, consisting of transient thermal analyses in which the heat conduction equation was integrated in time un- til a steady temperature field was reached, with the thermal conductivity defined through orthotropic conductivity tensors. These tests demonstrated the ability of the extended solver to correctly reproduce anisotropic heat transfer and validated the consistency of the new tensorial framework. After validation, the modified solver was applied to a simplified representation of the ZEUS reactor core, com- posed of graphene-based hexagonal blocks. The results confirmed the importance of a proper orientation of the in-plane high-conductivity directions of graphene to ensure effective heat removal and uniform temperature distribution within the conductive structure. This work establishes a robust foundation for future develop- ments, including extending the solver to anisotropic mechanical models, integrating additional tensor-based material descriptions, and strengthening the coupling be- tween thermal and structural analyses in OFFBEAT.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Paiaro_Tesi.pdf
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2025_12_Paiaro_Executive_Summary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247573