The increasing need for low-carbon and flexible energy systems has raised interest in biological Power-to-Gas technologies, particularly the ex-situ conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) into biomethane mediated by hydrogenotrophic archaea. This thesis evaluates the performance of a pilot-scale ex-situ biomethanation plant composed of two reactors: a membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR), previously started up and operated under mesophilic conditions with biofilm-attached biomass, and a thermophilic bubble column reactor (BCR) with suspended biomass. The study investigates how gas–liquid mass transfer and reactor management influence methane production and the overall process stability. Both reactors were fed with pure CO2 and H2 and monitored for 130 days, allowing the assessment of their dynamic response to variations in operating parameters. In the MBfR, different membrane operation modes (dead-end, flow-through, periodic venting) were tested, revealing how venting intervals shaped hydrogen transfer and methane generation. Methane conversion yields steadily increased throughout operation. The highest methane production rate was achieved under flow-through mode, reaching 34 Ln,CH4/m2membrane/d, with a corresponding head-space methane content of 72% (v/v). Moreover, 22 % of the total methane produced, being the latter equal to 5.1 Ln,CH4/d, left the reactor through the membrane lumen, indicating gas back-diffusion. In the BCR, preliminary mass-transfer tests identified thermophilic operation at 50 °C and gas sparging through a single diffuser as the optimal configuration, achieving a maximum hydrogen transfer efficiency of 78%. Reactor start-up required a marked acclimation period, yet the reactor ultimately reached near-complete methane conversion (90%). The highest methane production rate was 58 Ln,CH4/m3reactor/d, corresponding to a head-space methane content of 35% (v/v). Overall, the findings demonstrate that reactor design and mass-transfer optimization are decisive for enabling stable, efficient and scalable ex-situ biomethanation.
La crescente esigenza di sistemi energetici a basse emissioni inquinanti e ad elevata flessibilità ha accresciuto l’interesse verso le tecnologie Power-to-Gas di tipo biologico, in particolare per la conversione ex-situ di diossido di carbonio (CO2) e idrogeno (H2) in biometano mediata da archea idrogenotrofi. La presente tesi valuta le prestazioni di un impianto pilota di biometanazione ex-situ composto da due reattori: un reattore a membrana (MBfR), precedentemente avviato e operato in condizioni mesofile con biomassa adesa alla membrana, e un reattore a colonna a bolle (BCR) termofilo con biomassa sospesa. Lo studio indaga in che modo il trasferimento gas-liquido e la gestione operativa del reattore influenzino la produzione di metano e la stabilità complessiva del processo. Entrambi i reattori sono stati alimentati con CO2 e H2 puri e monitorati per 130 giorni, consentendo di valutarne la risposta dinamica alle variazioni dei parametri operativi. Nel MBfR sono state testate diverse modalità di funzionamento della membrana (dead-end, flow-through, periodic venting), mettendo in evidenza come gli intervalli di ventilazione modulassero il trasferimento di idrogeno e la produzione di metano. Il valore più elevato di produzione di metano è stato ottenuto in modalità flow-through, raggiungendo 34 Ln,CH4/m2membrana/d, con una corrispondente concentrazione di metano nello spazio di testa pari al 72% (v/v). Inoltre, il 22% del metano complessivamente prodotto, quest’ultimo pari a 5.1 Ln,CH4/d, è fuoriuscito dal lume della membrana, indicando un fenomeno di back-diffusion dei gas. Nel BCR, i test preliminari di trasferimento di massa hanno individuato come configurazione ottimale il funzionamento termofilo a 50 °C con distribuzione del gas tramite un unico diffusore, con un’efficienza massima di trasferimento dell’idrogeno pari al 78% raggiunta. La fase di avviamento ha richiesto un significativo periodo di acclimatazione, ma il reattore ha infine raggiunto una conversione di metano pari al 90%. Il valore più elevato di produzione di metano è risultato pari a 58 Ln,CH4/m3reattore/d, corrispondente a un contenuto di metano nello spazio di testa del 35% (v/v).
Experimental investigation of ex-situ hydrogenotrophic methanation: performance of membrane biofilm and bubble column reactors
De Pascalis, Salvatore
2024/2025
Abstract
The increasing need for low-carbon and flexible energy systems has raised interest in biological Power-to-Gas technologies, particularly the ex-situ conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) into biomethane mediated by hydrogenotrophic archaea. This thesis evaluates the performance of a pilot-scale ex-situ biomethanation plant composed of two reactors: a membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR), previously started up and operated under mesophilic conditions with biofilm-attached biomass, and a thermophilic bubble column reactor (BCR) with suspended biomass. The study investigates how gas–liquid mass transfer and reactor management influence methane production and the overall process stability. Both reactors were fed with pure CO2 and H2 and monitored for 130 days, allowing the assessment of their dynamic response to variations in operating parameters. In the MBfR, different membrane operation modes (dead-end, flow-through, periodic venting) were tested, revealing how venting intervals shaped hydrogen transfer and methane generation. Methane conversion yields steadily increased throughout operation. The highest methane production rate was achieved under flow-through mode, reaching 34 Ln,CH4/m2membrane/d, with a corresponding head-space methane content of 72% (v/v). Moreover, 22 % of the total methane produced, being the latter equal to 5.1 Ln,CH4/d, left the reactor through the membrane lumen, indicating gas back-diffusion. In the BCR, preliminary mass-transfer tests identified thermophilic operation at 50 °C and gas sparging through a single diffuser as the optimal configuration, achieving a maximum hydrogen transfer efficiency of 78%. Reactor start-up required a marked acclimation period, yet the reactor ultimately reached near-complete methane conversion (90%). The highest methane production rate was 58 Ln,CH4/m3reactor/d, corresponding to a head-space methane content of 35% (v/v). Overall, the findings demonstrate that reactor design and mass-transfer optimization are decisive for enabling stable, efficient and scalable ex-situ biomethanation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247621