This thesis presents the analytical, numerical, and system-level assessment of the structural behavior of potted inserts embedded in sandwich panels, within the framework of the Preliminary Design Review (PDR) of the GENESIS spacecraft developed by OHB Italia and commissioned by ESA. Sandwich panels are widely adopted in spacecraft structures due to their high stiffness-to-weight ratio. However, the presence of inserts introduces local discontinuities that govern the mechanical performance of equipment interfaces under launch loads. The first part of this work focuses on the derivation and implementation of analytical formulations for the prediction of insert allowable loads, based on the extended antiplane sandwich theory and the ECSS–E–HB–32–22A guidelines. Both in-plane and out-of-plane failure modes are addressed, including shear rupture of the core, core crushing, and face sheet yielding. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis is then performed to evaluate how the main geometrical parameters — core thickness, face sheet thickness, insert height, and flange diameter — influence the static strength of the inserts and their load-bearing capability. The analytical results are then compared with detailed finite element numerical evaluations in MSC Nastran, reproducing through-the-thickness, fully-potted, and partially-potted configurations and better describing the local stress distribution. The analytical results will be conservative with respect to the local failure loads observed in the finite element model, but this is considered acceptable in a preliminary design phase, where critical behaviour at the structural level must be highlighted in advance. At the spacecraft system level, the mechanical environmental loads corresponding to launcher ascent conditions are applied to the full structural model of GENESIS. By using static FEM analyses with unitary loads and superposition principles, the qualification loads at each insert location are reconstructed and used to compute the Margins of Safety (MoS) for every panel and equipment interface. The results show that while some inserts experience negative MoS under the most conservative assumptions, these conditions are typical at PDR level and serve as design drivers for future optimization. Overall, the methodology established in this work provides a complete and coherent framework for the evaluation of the static strength of potted inserts in spacecraft sandwich structures, serving as a robust foundation for the upcoming Critical Design Review (CDR) and for future spacecraft employing similar structural concepts.
Questa tesi presenta un’analisi analitica, numerica e a livello di sistema del comportamento strutturale degli inserti resinati incorporati in pannelli sandwich, nel contesto della Preliminary Design Review (PDR) della missione GENESIS, sviluppato da OHB Italia e commissionato dall’Agenzia Spaziale Europea (ESA). I pannelli sandwich sono ampiamente utilizzati nelle strutture spaziali grazie all’elevato rapporto rigidezza-peso. Tuttavia, la presenza di inserti introduce discontinuità locali che governano la risposta meccanica delle interfacce di equipaggiamento durante i carichi di lancio. La prima parte di questo lavoro si concentra sulla derivazione e implementazione delle formulazioni analitiche per la previsione dei carichi ammissibili degli inserti, basate sull’estesa teoria antiplane dei sandwich e sulle linee guida ECSS–E–HB–32–22A. Sono affrontate sia le modalità di collasso in-plane sia out-of-plane, includendo rottura a taglio del core, schiacciamento del core e snervamento delle face sheet. Viene inoltre condotta un’analisi di sensitività per valutare l’influenza dei principali parametri geometrici — spessore del core, spessore delle face sheet, altezza dell’inserto e diametro della flangia dell'inserto — sulla resistenza statica degli inserti e sulla loro capacità portante. I risultati analitici sono successivamente confrontati con valutazioni numeriche dettagliate tramite simulazioni agli elementi finiti eseguite con MSC Nastran, riproducendo configurazioni through-the-thickness, fully-potted e partially-potted e descrivendo con maggiore accuratezza la distribuzione locale delle tensioni. I risultati analitici si dimostrano conservativi rispetto ai carichi di collasso locali ottenuti dal modello numerico, ma ciò è considerato accettabile in una fase preliminare di progetto, in cui è necessario identificare in anticipo i comportamenti strutturalmente critici. A livello di sistema, i carichi ambientali meccanici associati alla fase di ascesa del lanciatore sono applicati al modello strutturale completo di GENESIS. Utilizzando analisi FEM statiche con carichi unitari e il principio di sovrapposizione degli effetti, vengono ricostruiti i carichi di qualifica per ciascun inserto e calcolati i Margini di Sicurezza (MoS) per ogni pannello e interfaccia di equipaggiamento. I risultati mostrano che alcuni inserti presentano MoS negativi nelle condizioni più conservative, fenomeno tipico della fase PDR e utile come driver progettuale per le successive ottimizzazioni. Complessivamente, la metodologia sviluppata in questo lavoro fornisce un quadro completo e coerente per la valutazione della resistenza statica degli inserti pottati nei pannelli sandwich impiegati nelle strutture spaziali, costituendo una base solida per la futura Critical Design Review (CDR) e per eventuali missioni che adotteranno concetti strutturali simili.
Accurate insert analysis and procedure validation for ESA's GENESIS mission
Cappellacci, Tommaso
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis presents the analytical, numerical, and system-level assessment of the structural behavior of potted inserts embedded in sandwich panels, within the framework of the Preliminary Design Review (PDR) of the GENESIS spacecraft developed by OHB Italia and commissioned by ESA. Sandwich panels are widely adopted in spacecraft structures due to their high stiffness-to-weight ratio. However, the presence of inserts introduces local discontinuities that govern the mechanical performance of equipment interfaces under launch loads. The first part of this work focuses on the derivation and implementation of analytical formulations for the prediction of insert allowable loads, based on the extended antiplane sandwich theory and the ECSS–E–HB–32–22A guidelines. Both in-plane and out-of-plane failure modes are addressed, including shear rupture of the core, core crushing, and face sheet yielding. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis is then performed to evaluate how the main geometrical parameters — core thickness, face sheet thickness, insert height, and flange diameter — influence the static strength of the inserts and their load-bearing capability. The analytical results are then compared with detailed finite element numerical evaluations in MSC Nastran, reproducing through-the-thickness, fully-potted, and partially-potted configurations and better describing the local stress distribution. The analytical results will be conservative with respect to the local failure loads observed in the finite element model, but this is considered acceptable in a preliminary design phase, where critical behaviour at the structural level must be highlighted in advance. At the spacecraft system level, the mechanical environmental loads corresponding to launcher ascent conditions are applied to the full structural model of GENESIS. By using static FEM analyses with unitary loads and superposition principles, the qualification loads at each insert location are reconstructed and used to compute the Margins of Safety (MoS) for every panel and equipment interface. The results show that while some inserts experience negative MoS under the most conservative assumptions, these conditions are typical at PDR level and serve as design drivers for future optimization. Overall, the methodology established in this work provides a complete and coherent framework for the evaluation of the static strength of potted inserts in spacecraft sandwich structures, serving as a robust foundation for the upcoming Critical Design Review (CDR) and for future spacecraft employing similar structural concepts.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2025_12_Cappellacci_Executive_Summary.pdf
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2025_12_Cappellacci_Tesi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/247677