Energy supply remains a major bottleneck on the development of microelectronics, limiting their application and autonomy. Micro lithium-ion batteries (μLIBs) represent an attractive candidate for this purpose, due to their balance between energy and power densities. In particular, when designed with an anode-free configuration, they can achieve a high degree of performance. In this thesis, we aimed to develop an on-chip μLIB based on an anode-free configuration. Sputtering was chosen as the deposition technique, due to its widespread use in on-chip batteries research. For the cathode, LiFePO4 was selected due its combination of moderate working voltage, high capacity, material abundance and non-toxicity. Since sputtering of μLIBs was a new activity in our research group, the work began by identifying the processing conditions required to obtain a conformal, uniform and electrochemically active deposit. As the obtained film was amorphous, a series of experiments allowed to determine the optimal annealing temperature. Still, the obtained performance was far from the full potential of the material. Thus, a second phase targeted the optimization of the thin-film cathode, that was enabled by the addition of carbon via a co-sputtering approach. Subsequently the research efforts focused on testing the compatibility of the optimized cathode with a solid-state electrolyte. LiPON was chosen due to its excellent reversibility in a thin-film anode-free configuration. Since its deposition requires specific sputtering conditions, this part of the work was conducted in collaboration with CEA-Leti. Complete cell stacks were produced, enabling the testing of the first sputtered LiFePO4/LiPON anode-free on-chip micro-battery demonstrator.
L’approvvigionamento energetico rappresenta ancora un limite nello sviluppo della microelettronica, condizionandone autonomia e applicazioni. Le microbatterie agli ioni di litio (μLIB) rappresentano un’alternativa promettente, grazie al compromesso tra densità di energia e densità di potenza, con configurazioni anode-free ne massimizzano l’efficienza. Il catodo è stato realizzato in LiFePO₄, per le sue caratteristiche di tensione di lavoro, capacità, disponibilità delle materie prime e non tossicità. Poiché la deposizione mediante sputtering di μLIBs costituiva un’attività inedita per il gruppo di ricerca, il lavoro è stato avviato con l’individuazione delle condizioni di processo atte a ottenere un film conforme, uniforme ed elettrochimicamente attivo. Subito dopo è stata condotta una serie di esperimenti per determinare la temperatura di ricottura ottimale. Tuttavia, le prestazioni elettrochimiche conseguite si sono rivelate inferiori rispetto al potenziale teorico del materiale. Una seconda fase del lavoro ha quindi riguardato l’ottimizzazione del catodo, resa possibile dall’aggiunta di carbonio mediante una strategia di co-sputtering. Successivamente, l’attività di ricerca si è concentrata sulla verifica della compatibilità del catodo ottimizzato con un elettrolita solido. A tal fine, è stato scelto il LiPON, grazie all’elevata reversibilità che offre nelle configurazioni anode-free a film sottile. Poiché la sua deposizione richiede condizioni specifiche di sputtering, questa parte del lavoro è stata condotta in collaborazione con il CEA-Leti. Sono stati infine realizzati stack di celle completi, che hanno consentito di testare i primi dimostratori di μLIB anode-free su chip basati su LiFePO₄/LiPON sputterati.
Development of sputtered on-chip micro lithium-ion batteries
LOPEZ PAZOS, ELENA
2025/2026
Abstract
Energy supply remains a major bottleneck on the development of microelectronics, limiting their application and autonomy. Micro lithium-ion batteries (μLIBs) represent an attractive candidate for this purpose, due to their balance between energy and power densities. In particular, when designed with an anode-free configuration, they can achieve a high degree of performance. In this thesis, we aimed to develop an on-chip μLIB based on an anode-free configuration. Sputtering was chosen as the deposition technique, due to its widespread use in on-chip batteries research. For the cathode, LiFePO4 was selected due its combination of moderate working voltage, high capacity, material abundance and non-toxicity. Since sputtering of μLIBs was a new activity in our research group, the work began by identifying the processing conditions required to obtain a conformal, uniform and electrochemically active deposit. As the obtained film was amorphous, a series of experiments allowed to determine the optimal annealing temperature. Still, the obtained performance was far from the full potential of the material. Thus, a second phase targeted the optimization of the thin-film cathode, that was enabled by the addition of carbon via a co-sputtering approach. Subsequently the research efforts focused on testing the compatibility of the optimized cathode with a solid-state electrolyte. LiPON was chosen due to its excellent reversibility in a thin-film anode-free configuration. Since its deposition requires specific sputtering conditions, this part of the work was conducted in collaboration with CEA-Leti. Complete cell stacks were produced, enabling the testing of the first sputtered LiFePO4/LiPON anode-free on-chip micro-battery demonstrator.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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Descrizione: Doctoral Thesis Elena Lopez Pazos: Development of Sputtered On-Chip Micro Lithium-Ion Batteries
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/248097