As cities experience the digital transformation of the information era, informed decision-making becomes a first-hand necessity. Urban Digital Twins, as decision support systems for citizens, researchers, and decision makers, are digital replicas of urban environments that model their structural and functional elements. Urban Digital Twins encompass 3D models, analyses, simulations, interactivity, and a constantly updated 2-way communication between digital and real-world urban areas. Despite the explosive growth of technologies like 3D visualisation, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and cloud computing that has catapulted the dissemination of smart cities and Urban Digital Twins, their implementation is still an expensive operation that involves technological expertise and complex supporting systems. To aid in the widespread adoption of Urban Digital Twins as tools for decision makers, the objective of this thesis is to identify key components and recurrent data requirements for Urban Digital Twins in academic literature, to then derive a state-of-the-art system architecture and propose a modular and flexible Urban Digital Twin platform that supports 3D visualisation, custom processing capabilities, and user interactivity. Furthermore, this thesis proposes a novel and replicable framework for the implementation of minimal and ready-to-use Urban Digital Twin prototypes based on open-source software and global open data. Starting from a state-of-the-art system architecture, this framework proposes a functional baseline for Urban Digital Twin prototype implementations that comprises a flexible platform and a robust data foundation. To identify system components and recurrent data, an initial literature review analyses the Urban Digital Twin concept from a technological perspective, delving into its architectural components, data requirements and enabling technologies that facilitate the development and deployment of such systems. Based on the findings of the literature review, a state-of-the art system architecture is derived and a common data baseline for Urban Digital Twins is defined. From this system architecture, a modular and flexible Urban Digital Twin platform is developed, leveraging the use of open-source software, and featuring fundamental components like 3D support, data processing and data management. The creation of Urban Digital Twin prototypes contemplate the integration of fundamental data typologies into Urban Digital Twin instances that enable common digital twin functionalities. Based on global open data, a set of minimal data requirements for building Urban Digital Twin prototypes is identified, namely 3D city models based on 2D building footprint extrusions, street networks, digital elevation models, land cover, and population density. An automated download and processing workflow is also developed to provide empty Urban Digital Twin instances with base data to create prototypes. Such prototypes, supported by the flexibility of the Urban Digital Twin platform, enable extension for both data and processes through interfaces based on open formats and standards. To test and validate the proposed framework and platform, a use case modelling urban mobility is implemented for Bologna, a middle sized Italian city. This use case documents an automated pipeline for the creation of Urban Digital Twin prototypes, including the creation and connection of the Urban Digital Twin software infrastructure and the provision of minimal baseline data. The resulting use case showcases the 2D and 3D visualisation capabilities of the system, its extension mechanisms through the integration of authoritative high-resolution data, and its custom processing capabilities by performing a comprehensive analysis of population, urban land cover, and street network indices for characterising motorised and active mobility at the city and local level. The results of the analyses show that Bologna presents medium-high population density and ideal conditions for active mobility, specially for pedestrians. Finally, to further demonstrate the global applicability of the Urban Digital Twin prototyping framework, a second use case is implemented and documented, featuring the Urban Digital Twin prototype of the city of Barranquilla, Colombia.
Mentre le città vivono la trasformazione digitale dell’era dell’informazione, prendere decisioni informate diventa una necessità primaria. Gli Urban Digital Twins, come sistemi di supporto decisionale per cittadini, ricercatori e decisori, sono repliche digitali degli ambienti urbani che ne modellano gli elementi strutturali e funzionali. Gli Urban Digital Twins comprendono modelli 3D, analisi, simulazioni, interattività e una comunicazione bidirezionale costantemente aggiornata tra le aree urbane digitali e quelle reali. Nonostante la crescita esplosiva di tecnologie come la visualizzazione 3D, l’Internet delle cose, l’intelligenza artificiale e il cloud computing, che ha catapultato la diffusione delle smart city e degli Urban Digital Twins, la loro implementazione è ancora un’operazione costosa che richiede competenze tecnologiche e sistemi di supporto complessi. Per favorire la diffusione dei gemelli digitali urbani come strumenti per i decisori politici, l’obiettivo di questa tesi è identificare i componenti chiave e i requisiti ricorrenti in termini di dati per i gemelli digitali urbani nella letteratura accademica, per poi ricavarne un’architettura di sistema all’avanguardia e proporre una piattaforma modulare e flessibile che supporti la visualizzazione 3D, capacità di elaborazione personalizzate e interattività con l’utente. Inoltre, questa tesi propone un framework innovativo e replicabile per l’implementazione di prototipi di Urban Digital Twin minimi e pronti all’uso basati su software open source e dati aperti globali. Partendo da un’architettura di sistema all’avanguardia, questo framework propone una base funzionale per l’implementazione di prototipi di Urban Digital Twin che comprende una piattaforma flessibile e una solida base di dati. Per identificare i componenti del sistema e i dati ricorrenti, una prima revisione della letteratura analizza il concetto di Urban Digital Twin da una prospettiva tecnologica, approfondendo i suoi componenti architetturali, i requisiti di dati e le tecnologie abilitanti che facilitano lo sviluppo e l’implementazione di tali sistemi. Sulla base dei risultati della revisione della letteratura, viene derivata un’architettura di sistema all’avanguardia e viene definita una base di dati comune per gli Urban Digital Twin. Da questa architettura di sistema viene sviluppata una piattaforma Urban Digital Twin modulare e flessibile, che sfrutta l’uso di software open source e presenta componenti fondamentali come il supporto 3D, l’elaborazione dei dati e la gestione dei dati. La creazione di prototipi Urban Digital Twin prevede l’integrazione di tipologie di dati fondamentali in istanze Urban Digital Twin che consentono funzionalità comuni dei gemelli digitali. Sulla base di dati aperti globali, viene identificata una serie di requisiti minimi di dati per la creazione di prototipi Urban Digital Twin, ovvero modelli 3D delle città basati su estrusioni 2D dell’impronta degli edifici, reti stradali, modelli digitali di elevazione, copertura del suolo e densità di popolazione. È stato inoltre sviluppato un flusso di lavoro automatizzato di download ed elaborazione per fornire alle istanze vuote di Urban Digital Twin i dati di base necessari per creare i prototipi. Tali prototipi, supportati dalla flessibilità della piattaforma Urban Digital Twin, consentono l’estensione sia dei dati che dei processi attraverso interfacce basate su formati e standard aperti. Per testare e convalidare il framework e la piattaforma proposti, è stato implementato un caso d’uso che modella la mobilità urbana per Bologna, una città italiana di medie dimensioni. Questo caso d’uso documenta una pipeline automatizzata per la creazione di prototipi di Urban Digital Twin, compresa la creazione e la connessione dell’infrastruttura software Urban Digital Twin e la fornitura di dati di base minimi. Il caso d’uso risultante mostra le capacità di visualizzazione 2D e 3D del sistema, i suoi meccanismi di estensione attraverso l’integrazione di dati autorevoli ad alta risoluzione e le sue capacità di elaborazione personalizzata, eseguendo un’analisi completa della popolazione, della copertura del suolo urbano e degli indici della rete stradale per caratterizzare la mobilità motorizzata e attiva a livello cittadino e locale. I risultati delle analisi mostrano che Bologna presenta una densità di popolazione medio-alta e condizioni ideali per la mobilità attiva, in particolare per i pedoni. Infine, per dimostrare ulteriormente l’applicabilità globale del framework di prototipazione Urban Digital Twin, viene implementato e documentato un secondo caso d’uso, che presenta il prototipo Urban Digital Twin della città di Barranquilla, in Colombia.
Urban digital twin prototyping framework based on Open Data
DUQUE ORDOÑEZ, JUAN PABLO
2025/2026
Abstract
As cities experience the digital transformation of the information era, informed decision-making becomes a first-hand necessity. Urban Digital Twins, as decision support systems for citizens, researchers, and decision makers, are digital replicas of urban environments that model their structural and functional elements. Urban Digital Twins encompass 3D models, analyses, simulations, interactivity, and a constantly updated 2-way communication between digital and real-world urban areas. Despite the explosive growth of technologies like 3D visualisation, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and cloud computing that has catapulted the dissemination of smart cities and Urban Digital Twins, their implementation is still an expensive operation that involves technological expertise and complex supporting systems. To aid in the widespread adoption of Urban Digital Twins as tools for decision makers, the objective of this thesis is to identify key components and recurrent data requirements for Urban Digital Twins in academic literature, to then derive a state-of-the-art system architecture and propose a modular and flexible Urban Digital Twin platform that supports 3D visualisation, custom processing capabilities, and user interactivity. Furthermore, this thesis proposes a novel and replicable framework for the implementation of minimal and ready-to-use Urban Digital Twin prototypes based on open-source software and global open data. Starting from a state-of-the-art system architecture, this framework proposes a functional baseline for Urban Digital Twin prototype implementations that comprises a flexible platform and a robust data foundation. To identify system components and recurrent data, an initial literature review analyses the Urban Digital Twin concept from a technological perspective, delving into its architectural components, data requirements and enabling technologies that facilitate the development and deployment of such systems. Based on the findings of the literature review, a state-of-the art system architecture is derived and a common data baseline for Urban Digital Twins is defined. From this system architecture, a modular and flexible Urban Digital Twin platform is developed, leveraging the use of open-source software, and featuring fundamental components like 3D support, data processing and data management. The creation of Urban Digital Twin prototypes contemplate the integration of fundamental data typologies into Urban Digital Twin instances that enable common digital twin functionalities. Based on global open data, a set of minimal data requirements for building Urban Digital Twin prototypes is identified, namely 3D city models based on 2D building footprint extrusions, street networks, digital elevation models, land cover, and population density. An automated download and processing workflow is also developed to provide empty Urban Digital Twin instances with base data to create prototypes. Such prototypes, supported by the flexibility of the Urban Digital Twin platform, enable extension for both data and processes through interfaces based on open formats and standards. To test and validate the proposed framework and platform, a use case modelling urban mobility is implemented for Bologna, a middle sized Italian city. This use case documents an automated pipeline for the creation of Urban Digital Twin prototypes, including the creation and connection of the Urban Digital Twin software infrastructure and the provision of minimal baseline data. The resulting use case showcases the 2D and 3D visualisation capabilities of the system, its extension mechanisms through the integration of authoritative high-resolution data, and its custom processing capabilities by performing a comprehensive analysis of population, urban land cover, and street network indices for characterising motorised and active mobility at the city and local level. The results of the analyses show that Bologna presents medium-high population density and ideal conditions for active mobility, specially for pedestrians. Finally, to further demonstrate the global applicability of the Urban Digital Twin prototyping framework, a second use case is implemented and documented, featuring the Urban Digital Twin prototype of the city of Barranquilla, Colombia.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/248198