The transition of global telecommunication networks toward quantum-secure communications represents one of the most critical challenges in modern information technology. The ongoing developments of quantum computers poses an unprecedented threat to classical cryptographic systems, which are based on mathematical functions vulnerable to already-known quantum algorithms. In this context, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides an information-theoretic secure protocol for key exchange, independent of the adversary computational power and based instead on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. However, an end-to-end QKD adoption requires its integration in the already deployed optical infrastructures, where the Passive Optical Network (PON) represents the end point architecture. This work investigates this integration challenge by analysing, modelling and experimentally validating the coexistence of quantum and classical signals in shared optical access networks, and proposes innovative architectures that enable highly-secure PONs. A comprehensive characterization of Spontaneous Raman Scattering (SpRS) noise, recognised as the most detrimental optical effect for this integration, is performed in standard single-mode fibres across an extensive spectral range, exceeding the estimated regions currently available in literature. This characterization is validated with commercial devices and combined with a novel analytical model to estimate the SpRS generation in different PON infrastructures. This analysis demonstrates that the backscattered SpRS noise generated in the counter-propagation configuration strongly depends on the splitter position and network architecture. Based on the theoretical model and experimental measurements, this work defines design rules for integrating Discrete-Variable (DV) and Continuous-Variable (CV) QKD systems in legacy single-fibre, dual-feeder, and dual-fibre PON architectures. It reveals that the coexistence in single-fibre PON faces severe limitation due to cumulative Raman noise, while architectures with additional fibre availability offer substantial improvements in Secret Key Rate (SKR) and user reach. Comparative investigations between DV-QKD and CV-QKD show that no single protocol is universally superior: CV-QKD achieves higher rates in small-scale networks or high-noise scenarios, whereas DV-QKD maintains longer secure distances and better scalability. This highlights the importance of flexible deployment strategies, where the optimal protocol is selected according to network configurations and service requirements. A further analysis on the finite-key regime identifies the critical dependence of integrated Quantum Passive Optical Network (QPON) performance on the number of detected states and the need for an asynchronous mechanism for key generation and key request. Finally, the concept of highly-secure access network is extended by integrating Fiber Optic Sensing (FOS) and QKD technologies, achieving simultaneous data protection and infrastructure integrity. Performance investigations confirm that DV-QKD system, Michelson interferometric sensor and standardised PON channels can coexist in the same optical access network. A preliminary experimental demonstration focuses on business-user scenarios, where dedicated spare fibres and higher security demands support the early adoption of integrated quantum-sensing solutions. In summary, this thesis offers comprehensive guidelines for integrating quantum communications in passive optical networks, including the access segment in the transition towards quantum-safe optical networks. The presented models, measurements and innovative approaches represent a significant step in the deployment of highly-secure PONs, leading the way for next-generation access networks that offer real-time physical monitoring and quantum-secure data communications.
La transizione delle reti di telecomunicazioni globali verso comunicazioni sicure dal punto di vista quantistico rappresenta una delle sfide più critiche nel campo della tecnologia dell’informazione. Gli sviluppi tecnologici dei computer quantistici minacciano infatti i sistemi crittografici classici, che sono basati su funzioni matematiche vulnerabili ad algoritmi quantistici già teorizzati. In questo contesto, la Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) fornisce un protocollo di scambio delle chiavi incondizionatamente sicuro, indipendente dalla potenza computazionale dell’avversario e basato invece sui principi fondamentali della meccanica quantistica. Tuttavia, un’adozione end-to-end della QKD richiede la sua integrazione nelle reti ottiche già installate, in cui le Passive Optical Network (PON) rappresentano l’infrastruttura di accesso. Questo lavoro affronta questa sfida analizzando, modellando e validando sperimentalmente la coesistenza di segnali quantistici e classici in reti ottiche di accesso condivise e propone architetture innovative in grado di rendere le PON altamente sicure. Una esaustiva caratterizzazione del rumore da Spontaneous Raman Scattering (SpRS), l’effetto ottico non lineare più pericoloso per tale integrazione, è condotta in fibre standard a singolo modo su un ampio intervallo spettrale, estendendo così le regioni finora presenti in letteratura. Questa caratterizzazione è validata utilizzando dispositivi commerciali e combinata con un nuovo modello analitico per stimare la generazione di SpRS in differenti infrastrutture PON. L’analisi dimostra che il rumore SpRS retro-diffuso generato in configurazione contro-propagante dipende fortemente dalle posizioni degli splitter e dall’architettura di rete. Sulla base del modello teorico e delle misure sperimentali, questo lavoro definisce regole di progettazione per l’integrazione di sistemi Discrete-Variable (DV) e Continuous-Variable (CV) QKD in architetture PON a singola fibra, a doppia feeder e a doppia fibra. I risultati evidenziano che la coesistenza nelle PON a singola fibra presenta forti limitazioni dovute al rumore Raman cumulato, mentre architetture con maggiore disponibilità di fibre offrono miglioramenti significativi in termini di Secret Key Rate (SKR) e di estensione del numero di utenti servibili. Analisi comparative tra DV-QKD e CV-QKD mostrano che non vi è un protocollo universalmente superiore: la CV-QKD consente di ottenere SKR più elevati in reti con un basso numero di utenti o in scenari ad alto rumore, mentre la DV-QKD garantisce sicurezza a distanze maggiori e una migliore scalabilità. Ciò evidenzia l’importanza di strategie di implementazione flessibili, in cui il protocollo ottimale è selezionato in funzione della configurazione di rete e dei requisiti di servizio. Un’ulteriore analisi nel regime a chiave finita individua la forte dipendenza delle prestazioni delle Quantum Passive Optical Network dal numero di stati rilevati e la necessità di un meccanismo asincrono per la generazione e la richiesta delle chiavi. Infine, viene introdotto il concetto di rete di accesso altamente sicura attraverso l’integrazione delle tecnologie di Fiber Optic Sensing (FOS) e QKD, consentendo la simultanea protezione dei dati e l’integrità dell’infrastruttura. Le analisi prestazionali confermano che un sistema DV-QKD, un sensore basato sull’interferometro di Michelson e canali classici PON possono coesistere all’interno della stessa rete ottica di accesso. Una preliminare dimostrazione sperimentale si è concentrata su scenari di utenti business, in cui la disponibilità di fibre dedicate e i requisiti di sicurezza più elevati favoriscono l’adozione anticipata di soluzioni integrate FOS-QKD. In sintesi, questa tesi fornisce le linee guida complete per l’integrazione delle comunicazioni quantistiche nelle reti ottiche passive, includendo il segmento di accesso nel percorso di transizione verso reti ottiche incondizionatamente sicure. I modelli, le misure e gli approcci innovativi presentati rappresentano un passo significativo verso l'implementazione di PON altamente sicure, aprendo la strada a reti di accesso di nuova generazione in grado di offrire monitoraggio infrastrutturale e comunicazioni dati sicure dal punto di vista quantistico.
Integration of quantum communications in passive optical networks
Gagliano, Alessandro
2025/2026
Abstract
The transition of global telecommunication networks toward quantum-secure communications represents one of the most critical challenges in modern information technology. The ongoing developments of quantum computers poses an unprecedented threat to classical cryptographic systems, which are based on mathematical functions vulnerable to already-known quantum algorithms. In this context, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) provides an information-theoretic secure protocol for key exchange, independent of the adversary computational power and based instead on the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. However, an end-to-end QKD adoption requires its integration in the already deployed optical infrastructures, where the Passive Optical Network (PON) represents the end point architecture. This work investigates this integration challenge by analysing, modelling and experimentally validating the coexistence of quantum and classical signals in shared optical access networks, and proposes innovative architectures that enable highly-secure PONs. A comprehensive characterization of Spontaneous Raman Scattering (SpRS) noise, recognised as the most detrimental optical effect for this integration, is performed in standard single-mode fibres across an extensive spectral range, exceeding the estimated regions currently available in literature. This characterization is validated with commercial devices and combined with a novel analytical model to estimate the SpRS generation in different PON infrastructures. This analysis demonstrates that the backscattered SpRS noise generated in the counter-propagation configuration strongly depends on the splitter position and network architecture. Based on the theoretical model and experimental measurements, this work defines design rules for integrating Discrete-Variable (DV) and Continuous-Variable (CV) QKD systems in legacy single-fibre, dual-feeder, and dual-fibre PON architectures. It reveals that the coexistence in single-fibre PON faces severe limitation due to cumulative Raman noise, while architectures with additional fibre availability offer substantial improvements in Secret Key Rate (SKR) and user reach. Comparative investigations between DV-QKD and CV-QKD show that no single protocol is universally superior: CV-QKD achieves higher rates in small-scale networks or high-noise scenarios, whereas DV-QKD maintains longer secure distances and better scalability. This highlights the importance of flexible deployment strategies, where the optimal protocol is selected according to network configurations and service requirements. A further analysis on the finite-key regime identifies the critical dependence of integrated Quantum Passive Optical Network (QPON) performance on the number of detected states and the need for an asynchronous mechanism for key generation and key request. Finally, the concept of highly-secure access network is extended by integrating Fiber Optic Sensing (FOS) and QKD technologies, achieving simultaneous data protection and infrastructure integrity. Performance investigations confirm that DV-QKD system, Michelson interferometric sensor and standardised PON channels can coexist in the same optical access network. A preliminary experimental demonstration focuses on business-user scenarios, where dedicated spare fibres and higher security demands support the early adoption of integrated quantum-sensing solutions. In summary, this thesis offers comprehensive guidelines for integrating quantum communications in passive optical networks, including the access segment in the transition towards quantum-safe optical networks. The presented models, measurements and innovative approaches represent a significant step in the deployment of highly-secure PONs, leading the way for next-generation access networks that offer real-time physical monitoring and quantum-secure data communications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/248917