As global temperatures rise and urban populations face increasingly severe heat stress, cities are called upon to urgently implement climate-adaptive strategies. This doctoral research, conducted within the European Commission’s Horizon 2020-MSCA-ITN-EID programme SOLOCLIM-EU, explores the potential of small-scale water systems as tools for mitigating urban heat on the neighborhood scale. Developed in collaboration with Arcadis Netherlands and leading academic partners, the project investigates how water—through its evaporative properties and atmospheric affordances—can be strategically deployed to cool urban public spaces, enhance outdoor thermal comfort, and deliver social and ecological co-benefits. The research integrates environmental simulation (ENVI-met), geospatial analysis (GIS), case study methodology, and theoretical frameworks. The study is structured in three parts: (I) theoretical grounding, (II) simulation of small water systems and comparative analysis of six case studies (including projects in Desio, Nijverdal, Madrid, Amsterdam, New York City, and Hann. Münden), and (III) spatial application of findings at the neighborhood scale, with a focus on Milan. Key contributions include the development of “cooling sphere” diagrams: visual tools derived from microclimate simulations that make the localized cooling effects of jets, mists, and water walls visible and comparable, and the refinement of a “distance to cool spot” methodology to ensure equitable access to thermally comfortable public spaces within a 300-meter walking distance or a 5-minute walk time in Milan-Italy. The case studies reveal that successful climate-adaptive spaces are not only technically effective but must also be socially anchored and experientially rich. Therefore, these might constitute the “new urban oases” as social and climatic infrastructures. Water must be designed not just as a utility but as a civic, ecological, and atmospheric element. Ultimately, “The Evaporative City” contributes both conceptual and methodological frameworks to inform designers, planners, and policymakers on how to integrate small-scale water-cooling systems into broader climate adaptation agendas. It positions the neighborhood as the critical scale of intervention, that is strategic enough to act systemically yet grounded enough to reflect and serve everyday urban life.
Con l’aumento delle temperature globali e la popolazione urbana che si trovaa ad affrontare uno stress da calore sempre più intenso, le città sono chiamate ad attuare urgentemente strategie di adattamento agli effetti dei cambiamenti climatici. Questa ricerca di dottorato, condotta nell’ambito del programma SOLOCLIM-EU nella cornice di ricerche Horizon 2020-MSCA-ITN-EID della Commissione europea, esplora il potenziale dei sistemi basati sull’uso dell’acqua su piccola scala come strumenti per mitigare il calore urbano a livello di quartiere. Sviluppato in collaborazione con Arcadis Netherlands e partner accademici di primo piano (in particolare Università di Wageningen NL e di Kent UK), il progetto studia come l’acqua - grazie alle sue proprietà evaporative e alla capacità di ridurre la temperatura dell’aria- possa essere impiegata strategicamente per raffrescare gli spazi pubblici urbani, migliorare il comfort termico esterno e fornire co-benefici sociali ed ecologici. La ricerca integra differenti strumenti di ricerca, che dopo aver approfondito gli aspetti storici della presenza dell’acqua in ambiente urbano e fisico del suo comportamento in ambiente esterno, ha cercato di mettere a sistema approcci basati sulla simulazione termica in regime dinamico con il software di simulazione ENVI-met, sull’analisi geospaziale sviluppata in ambiente GIS, sullo studio di buone pratiche e sull’indagine di casi di studio virtuosi. Lo studio è strutturato in tre parti: (I) basi teoriche, (II) simulazione di piccoli sistemi idrici e analisi comparativa di sei casi di studio (tra cui progetti a Desio, Nijverdal, Madrid, Amsterdam, New York City e Hann. Münden) e (III) l’applicazione spaziale dei risultati alla scala di quartiere, con particolare attenzione a Milano e al quartiere periferico di Corvetto. I contributi chiave includono lo sviluppo di diagrammi della “bolla di raffrescamento” - rappresentazioni facilmente comprensibili derivati da simulazioni microclimatiche, che rendono immediatamente visibili e comparabili gli effetti di raffrescamento legato alla presenza di getti d’acqua, nuvole di acqua nebulizzata e pareti d’acqua - e il perfezionamento di una metodologia di “distanza dal punto di raffrescamento” per garantire un accesso equo a spazi pubblici termicamente confortevoli entro una distanza di 300 metri da percorrere a piedi (5 minuti di cammino). I casi studio rivelano che gli spazi climaticamente adatti non sono solo tecnicamente efficaci, ma devono anche essere socialmente radicati e ricchi di esperienze. Pertanto, queste tipologie di spazi potrebbero costituire le nuove “oasi urbane”. Attraverso l’analisi di questi casi, si evidenzia come l’acqua deve essere progettata non solo come utilità, ma come elemento civico, ecologico e microclimatico. In definitiva, “The Evaporative City” fornisce un quadro concettuale e metodologico per informare i progettisti, i pianificatori e i politici su come integrare i sistemi di raffrescamento basati sull’uso dell’acqua su piccola scala in programmi più ampi di adattamento agli effetti dei cambiamenti climatici e riconosce la dimensione del quartiere come scala critica di intervento - sufficientemente strategica per agire in modo sistemico, e abbastanza radicata per riflettere e migliorare la vita urbana quotidiana.
The evaporative city: assessing urban oases as social and climatic infrastructures for heat vulnerable neighborhoods
Pereira Guimarães, Mariana
2025/2026
Abstract
As global temperatures rise and urban populations face increasingly severe heat stress, cities are called upon to urgently implement climate-adaptive strategies. This doctoral research, conducted within the European Commission’s Horizon 2020-MSCA-ITN-EID programme SOLOCLIM-EU, explores the potential of small-scale water systems as tools for mitigating urban heat on the neighborhood scale. Developed in collaboration with Arcadis Netherlands and leading academic partners, the project investigates how water—through its evaporative properties and atmospheric affordances—can be strategically deployed to cool urban public spaces, enhance outdoor thermal comfort, and deliver social and ecological co-benefits. The research integrates environmental simulation (ENVI-met), geospatial analysis (GIS), case study methodology, and theoretical frameworks. The study is structured in three parts: (I) theoretical grounding, (II) simulation of small water systems and comparative analysis of six case studies (including projects in Desio, Nijverdal, Madrid, Amsterdam, New York City, and Hann. Münden), and (III) spatial application of findings at the neighborhood scale, with a focus on Milan. Key contributions include the development of “cooling sphere” diagrams: visual tools derived from microclimate simulations that make the localized cooling effects of jets, mists, and water walls visible and comparable, and the refinement of a “distance to cool spot” methodology to ensure equitable access to thermally comfortable public spaces within a 300-meter walking distance or a 5-minute walk time in Milan-Italy. The case studies reveal that successful climate-adaptive spaces are not only technically effective but must also be socially anchored and experientially rich. Therefore, these might constitute the “new urban oases” as social and climatic infrastructures. Water must be designed not just as a utility but as a civic, ecological, and atmospheric element. Ultimately, “The Evaporative City” contributes both conceptual and methodological frameworks to inform designers, planners, and policymakers on how to integrate small-scale water-cooling systems into broader climate adaptation agendas. It positions the neighborhood as the critical scale of intervention, that is strategic enough to act systemically yet grounded enough to reflect and serve everyday urban life.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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EvaporativeCity_PereiraGuimaraes_Mariana.pdf
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Descrizione: The Ph.D. research “The Evaporative City: Assessing urban oases as social and climatic infrastructures for heat-vulnerable neighborhoods” was developed in the scope of the MSCA EID ITN SOLOCLIM (Solutions for the Outdoor Climate), an European Industrial Doctorate with a mandatory secondment in a industry setting: Arcadis Netherlands in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Programme received funding from the European Commssion, Grant Agreement ID: 861119.
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/249997