This thesis is about analyzing the relation between green public spending and fiscal sustainability measures such as the DEBT/GDP ratio, Primary Balance ratio, and S2 indicator among the European Union countries during 2010-2023 for short-to-medium and long-term perspectives by using a panel dataset from Eurostat, ECB, and IMF sources. This study examines whether environmentally oriented expenditures are in line with or challenge fiscal stability. Using a panel dataset constructed from Eurostat, IMF, ECB, and European Commission sources, the study adopts a dual empirical approach. Long-term fiscal sustainability is analyzed through pooled OLS regressions using the S2 sustainability indicator as the dependent variable, while short- to medium-term fiscal dynamics are examined using dynamic panel estimations based on the System GMM methodology, with the debt-to-GDP ratio and the primary balance as outcome variables. The long-term results indicate a positive association between higher levels of green public spending and the S2 sustainability gap, suggesting larger measured long-term fiscal adjustment needs in countries with more ambitious green expenditure profiles. This relationship appears to reflect structural and accounting features of long-term sustainability indicators rather than a causal deterioration of fiscal sustainability. In contrast, the short- to medium-term analysis finds no statistically significant adverse effects of green public spending on public debt or primary balances, with only modest and economically limited effects associated with the composition of green public investment. Overall, the findings suggest that green public spending is fiscally manageable in the short term, while its long-term fiscal implications depend critically on spending efficiency, financing structures, and the ability of fiscal frameworks to account for delayed growth and sustainability benefits. The study highlights the importance of integrating green investment strategies into credible medium-term fiscal frameworks in order to reconcile climate objectives with fiscal sustainability.
Questa tesi analizza la relazione tra la spesa pubblica verde e la sostenibilità fiscale nei paesi membri dell’Unione Europea nel periodo 2010–2023, una fase caratterizzata da rilevanti shock macroeconomici e da un’intensificazione delle politiche fiscali orientate alla transizione climatica. L’analisi esamina se le spese pubbliche a finalità ambientale siano compatibili con gli obiettivi di sostenibilità fiscale, valutati attraverso indicatori fiscali di breve e medio periodo e metriche di sostenibilità di lungo periodo. Utilizzando un dataset panel costruito a partire da fonti quali Eurostat, FMI, BCE e Commissione Europea, lo studio adotta un duplice approccio empirico. La sostenibilità fiscale di lungo periodo è analizzata mediante regressioni OLS pooled utilizzando l’indicatore di sostenibilità S2 come variabile dipendente, mentre le dinamiche fiscali di breve e medio periodo sono esaminate attraverso stime panel dinamiche basate sulla metodologia System GMM, con il rapporto debito/PIL e il saldo primario come variabili dipendenti. I risultati di lungo periodo mostrano un’associazione positiva tra livelli più elevati di spesa pubblica verde e l’ampliamento del gap di sostenibilità fiscale misurato dall’indicatore S2, suggerendo maggiori esigenze di aggiustamento fiscale di lungo periodo nei paesi con profili di spesa verde più ambiziosi. Tale relazione sembra riflettere principalmente caratteristiche strutturali e contabili degli indicatori di sostenibilità di lungo periodo, piuttosto che un deterioramento causale della sostenibilità fiscale. Al contrario, l’analisi di breve e medio periodo non evidenzia effetti negativi statisticamente significativi della spesa pubblica verde sul debito pubblico o sui saldi primari, ad eccezione di effetti modesti ed economicamente limitati legati alla composizione degli investimenti pubblici verdi. Nel complesso, i risultati suggeriscono che la spesa pubblica verde sia fiscalmente gestibile nel breve periodo, mentre le sue implicazioni fiscali di lungo periodo dipendono in modo cruciale dall’efficienza della spesa, dalle modalità di finanziamento e dalla capacità dei quadri fiscali di incorporare benefici di crescita e sostenibilità che si manifestano con ritardo. Lo studio evidenzia l’importanza di integrare le strategie di investimento verde all’interno di quadri fiscali credibili di medio periodo, al fine di conciliare gli obiettivi climatici con la sostenibilità fiscale.
Fiscal sustainability and green spending in the EU: assessing the fiscal and macroeconomic implications
FARNIASHALMANI, AMIR;Adibi, Reza
2024/2025
Abstract
This thesis is about analyzing the relation between green public spending and fiscal sustainability measures such as the DEBT/GDP ratio, Primary Balance ratio, and S2 indicator among the European Union countries during 2010-2023 for short-to-medium and long-term perspectives by using a panel dataset from Eurostat, ECB, and IMF sources. This study examines whether environmentally oriented expenditures are in line with or challenge fiscal stability. Using a panel dataset constructed from Eurostat, IMF, ECB, and European Commission sources, the study adopts a dual empirical approach. Long-term fiscal sustainability is analyzed through pooled OLS regressions using the S2 sustainability indicator as the dependent variable, while short- to medium-term fiscal dynamics are examined using dynamic panel estimations based on the System GMM methodology, with the debt-to-GDP ratio and the primary balance as outcome variables. The long-term results indicate a positive association between higher levels of green public spending and the S2 sustainability gap, suggesting larger measured long-term fiscal adjustment needs in countries with more ambitious green expenditure profiles. This relationship appears to reflect structural and accounting features of long-term sustainability indicators rather than a causal deterioration of fiscal sustainability. In contrast, the short- to medium-term analysis finds no statistically significant adverse effects of green public spending on public debt or primary balances, with only modest and economically limited effects associated with the composition of green public investment. Overall, the findings suggest that green public spending is fiscally manageable in the short term, while its long-term fiscal implications depend critically on spending efficiency, financing structures, and the ability of fiscal frameworks to account for delayed growth and sustainability benefits. The study highlights the importance of integrating green investment strategies into credible medium-term fiscal frameworks in order to reconcile climate objectives with fiscal sustainability.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Farniashalmani_Adibi.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/250019