Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM) is a non-contact scanning probe technique that enables high-resolution topographic imaging of soft and living samples in liquid environments. By exploiting the distance-dependent modulation of an ionic current flowing through a nanopipette, SICM avoids mechanical interaction with the sample surface and is therefore particularly suited for biological investigations of fragile cellular structures. Conventional SICM implementations, however, are limited by long acquisition times, which hinder the observation of dynamic cellular processes and restrict their applicability to live-cell studies. High-Speed SICM (HS-SICM) addresses these limitations by combining fast piezoelectric actuation, hopping-mode operation, and real-time digital control. In this thesis, the control architecture of an HS-SICM system is analyzed and characterized with the specific goal of enabling non-invasive, high-speed topographic imaging of human primary epidermal keratinocyte (HPEK) cells. Particular attention is devoted to the conceptual analysis and interpretation of a LabVIEW-based control framework for scanning probe microscopy developed by collaborators at EPFL (Fantner group), focusing on the coordination between ionic-current acquisition, Z-axis feedback, and lateral scan generation. The work describes and discusses the electronic front-end for low-noise ionic current detection, an adaptive Z-axis feedback strategy, and a hopping-mode algorithm designed to support stable operation at elevated approach speeds. A detailed examination of the XY scan engine is presented, including host-defined raster generation, waveform interpolation on the FPGA, synchronization event handling, and pixel-wise height validation. The interplay between hopping time, pixel timing, lateral resolution, and achievable scan speed is systematically analyzed, highlighting the fundamental trade-offs governing high-speed SICM operation. The system performance is evaluated on artificial test structures and subsequently applied to the imaging of HPEK cells. High-speed, non-contact topographic reconstructions reveal subcellular surface features and morphological heterogeneities at the cell surface, demonstrating the potential of HS-SICM for probing mechanically sensitive cell–cell adhesion regions. These results are relevant for future investigations of autoimmune skin diseases such as Pemphigus Vulgaris, in which desmosomal junctions are targeted by autoantibodies and epidermal structural integrity is compromised. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive analysis of an HS-SICM control platform and its operational limits, contributing to the understanding of how high-speed, non-invasive SICM can be applied to biologically relevant systems.
La Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM) è una tecnica di microscopia a sonda di scansione non a contatto che consente l’imaging topografico ad alta risoluzione di campioni soffici e viventi in ambiente liquido. Sfruttando la modulazione dipendente dalla distanza della corrente ionica che fluisce attraverso una nanopipetta, la SICM evita l’interazione meccanica con la superficie del campione ed è pertanto particolarmente adatta allo studio di strutture cellulari fragili. Le implementazioni convenzionali della SICM sono tuttavia limitate da lunghi tempi di acquisizione, che ostacolano l’osservazione di processi cellulari dinamici e ne riducono l’applicabilità a studi su cellule vive. La High-Speed SICM (HS-SICM) affronta tali limitazioni combinando attuazione piezoelettrica rapida, funzionamento in modalità hopping e controllo digitale in tempo reale. In questa tesi viene analizzata e caratterizzata l’architettura di controllo di un sistema HS-SICM con l’obiettivo di consentire imaging topografico non invasivo e ad alta velocità di cellule epiteliali primarie umane (Human Primary Epidermal Keratinocytes, HPEK). Particolare attenzione è rivolta all’analisi concettuale e all’interpretazione di un framework di controllo basato su LabVIEW per microscopia a sonda di scansione sviluppato da collaboratori presso l’EPFL (gruppo Fantner), con riferimento al coordinamento tra acquisizione della corrente ionica, retroazione sull’asse Z e generazione della scansione laterale. Il lavoro descrive e discute il front-end elettronico per la rivelazione a basso rumore della corrente ionica, una strategia adattiva di retroazione sull’asse Z e un algoritmo di hopping-mode progettato per supportare un funzionamento stabile a elevate velocità di avvicinamento. Viene inoltre presentata un’analisi dettagliata del motore di scansione XY, comprendente la generazione del raster lato host, l’interpolazione delle forme d’onda sull’FPGA, la gestione degli eventi di sincronizzazione e la validazione pixel-wise delle altezze. L’interazione tra tempo di hopping, tempo di pixel, risoluzione laterale e velocità di scansione raggiungibile è analizzata in modo sistematico, mettendo in evidenza i compromessi fondamentali che governano il funzionamento ad alta velocità della SICM. Le prestazioni del sistema sono valutate su strutture di test artificiali e successivamente applicate all’imaging di cellule HPEK. Le ricostruzioni topografiche ad alta velocità e non a contatto rivelano caratteristiche subcellulari e eterogeneità morfologiche sulla superficie cellulare, dimostrando il potenziale della HS-SICM per lo studio di regioni di adesione cellula–cellula meccanicamente sensibili. Questi risultati risultano rilevanti per future indagini su patologie cutanee autoimmuni quali il Pemphigus Vulgaris, nelle quali le giunzioni desmosomiali sono bersaglio di autoanticorpi e l’integrità strutturale dell’epidermide è compromessa. Nel complesso, questo lavoro fornisce un’analisi completa di una piattaforma di controllo HS-SICM e dei suoi limiti operativi, contribuendo alla comprensione di come la SICM ad alta velocità e non invasiva possa essere applicata a sistemi biologicamente rilevanti.
High-Speed Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (hsSICM) for live cell imaging
TOSCANO, LUIGI
2025/2026
Abstract
Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy (SICM) is a non-contact scanning probe technique that enables high-resolution topographic imaging of soft and living samples in liquid environments. By exploiting the distance-dependent modulation of an ionic current flowing through a nanopipette, SICM avoids mechanical interaction with the sample surface and is therefore particularly suited for biological investigations of fragile cellular structures. Conventional SICM implementations, however, are limited by long acquisition times, which hinder the observation of dynamic cellular processes and restrict their applicability to live-cell studies. High-Speed SICM (HS-SICM) addresses these limitations by combining fast piezoelectric actuation, hopping-mode operation, and real-time digital control. In this thesis, the control architecture of an HS-SICM system is analyzed and characterized with the specific goal of enabling non-invasive, high-speed topographic imaging of human primary epidermal keratinocyte (HPEK) cells. Particular attention is devoted to the conceptual analysis and interpretation of a LabVIEW-based control framework for scanning probe microscopy developed by collaborators at EPFL (Fantner group), focusing on the coordination between ionic-current acquisition, Z-axis feedback, and lateral scan generation. The work describes and discusses the electronic front-end for low-noise ionic current detection, an adaptive Z-axis feedback strategy, and a hopping-mode algorithm designed to support stable operation at elevated approach speeds. A detailed examination of the XY scan engine is presented, including host-defined raster generation, waveform interpolation on the FPGA, synchronization event handling, and pixel-wise height validation. The interplay between hopping time, pixel timing, lateral resolution, and achievable scan speed is systematically analyzed, highlighting the fundamental trade-offs governing high-speed SICM operation. The system performance is evaluated on artificial test structures and subsequently applied to the imaging of HPEK cells. High-speed, non-contact topographic reconstructions reveal subcellular surface features and morphological heterogeneities at the cell surface, demonstrating the potential of HS-SICM for probing mechanically sensitive cell–cell adhesion regions. These results are relevant for future investigations of autoimmune skin diseases such as Pemphigus Vulgaris, in which desmosomal junctions are targeted by autoantibodies and epidermal structural integrity is compromised. Overall, this work provides a comprehensive analysis of an HS-SICM control platform and its operational limits, contributing to the understanding of how high-speed, non-invasive SICM can be applied to biologically relevant systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Toscano_Tesi.pdf
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2026_03_Toscano_ExecutiveSummary.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/250379