Gait initiation is the transition phase from static stance to dynamic movement and is often impaired in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). These patients exhibit symptoms such as start hesitation, freezing of gait, and falls. The aim of this narrative review is to synthesize the existing quantitative literature to characterize the biomechanical deviations, underlying mechanisms, and therapeutic outcomes of gait initiation impairments in PD patients. After a broad search in PubMed and Scopus databases, relevant studies were selected and analyzed. One of the main findings is the dominance of hypometria in Anticipatory Posture Adjustments (APA). This is characterized by reduced and insufficient anteroposterior and mediolateral displacement of the Center of Pressure and results in gait instability. From a neurophysiological perspective, these deficiencies seem to extend beyond dopaminergic depletion in the basal ganglia. They also involve non-dopaminergic pathways such as the Supplementary Motor Area and Pedunculopontine Nucleus. Regarding the treatments, Levodopa therapy improves movement velocity but generally fails to restore timing of APAs. Similar to this, Deep Brain Stimulation facilitates movement execution, but its effect on postural stability is variable and depends on the stimulation frequency. Therefore, a multimodal treatment approach combining pharmacological therapy with rehabilitation strategies such as external cues and proprioceptive training seems essential. However, further improvements are needed, such as the use of wearable sensors to detect early biomarkers of freezing in the APA2a subphase.
L'inizio del cammino (Gait Initiation) costituisce la fase di transizione dalla postura statica al movimento dinamico ed è spesso compromesso nei pazienti affetti da malattia di Parkinson (PD). Questi pazienti mostrano sintomi quali esitazione alla partenza, freezing della marcia e cadute. Lo scopo di questa revisione narrativa è sintetizzare la letteratura quantitativa esistente per caratterizzare le deviazioni biomeccaniche, i meccanismi sottostanti e gli esiti terapeutici delle alterazioni dell'inizio del cammino nei pazienti con PD. A seguito di un'ampia ricerca nei database PubMed e Scopus, sono stati selezionati e analizzati studi rilevanti. Uno dei risultati principali è la predominanza dell'ipometria negli Aggiustamenti Posturali Anticipatori (APA). Questa è caratterizzata da uno spostamento antero-posteriore e medio-laterale del Centro di Pressione ridotto e insufficiente, risultando in instabilità del cammino. Da una prospettiva neurofisiologica, queste carenze sembrano estendersi oltre la deplezione dopaminergica nei gangli della base. Esse coinvolgono anche vie non dopaminergiche come l'Area Motoria Supplementare e il Nucleo Peduncolopontino. Per quanto riguarda i trattamenti, la terapia con Levodopa migliora la velocità del movimento ma generalmente non riesce a ripristinare il tempismo degli APA. Similmente, la Stimolazione Cerebrale Profonda facilita l'esecuzione del movimento, ma il suo effetto sulla stabilità posturale è variabile e dipende dalla frequenza di stimolazione. Pertanto, un approccio terapeutico multimodale che combini la terapia farmacologica con strategie riabilitative, come cue esterni e training propriocettivo, appare essenziale. Tuttavia, sono necessari ulteriori miglioramenti, come l'uso di sensori indossabili per rilevare biomarcatori precoci del freezing nella sottofase APA2a.
Gait Initiation impairments in Parkinson's disease: a narrative review
Basol, Buse
2025/2026
Abstract
Gait initiation is the transition phase from static stance to dynamic movement and is often impaired in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). These patients exhibit symptoms such as start hesitation, freezing of gait, and falls. The aim of this narrative review is to synthesize the existing quantitative literature to characterize the biomechanical deviations, underlying mechanisms, and therapeutic outcomes of gait initiation impairments in PD patients. After a broad search in PubMed and Scopus databases, relevant studies were selected and analyzed. One of the main findings is the dominance of hypometria in Anticipatory Posture Adjustments (APA). This is characterized by reduced and insufficient anteroposterior and mediolateral displacement of the Center of Pressure and results in gait instability. From a neurophysiological perspective, these deficiencies seem to extend beyond dopaminergic depletion in the basal ganglia. They also involve non-dopaminergic pathways such as the Supplementary Motor Area and Pedunculopontine Nucleus. Regarding the treatments, Levodopa therapy improves movement velocity but generally fails to restore timing of APAs. Similar to this, Deep Brain Stimulation facilitates movement execution, but its effect on postural stability is variable and depends on the stimulation frequency. Therefore, a multimodal treatment approach combining pharmacological therapy with rehabilitation strategies such as external cues and proprioceptive training seems essential. However, further improvements are needed, such as the use of wearable sensors to detect early biomarkers of freezing in the APA2a subphase.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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2026_03_Basol.pdf
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/250459