The present work provides an overview of the state-of-the-art regarding the behavior of variable stiffness composite laminates by progressively moving from classical laminate concepts toward manufacturing compatible descriptions of steered fiber architectures. Conventional laminates with straight and constant fiber orientations are first considered, emphasizing the intrinsic limitations associated with uniform fiber direction within each ply when structures are subjected to spatially varying stress fields and compressive instability phenomena. The transition toward curvilinear and steered fiber configurations is then examined. Physically motivated design strategies based on principal stress directions and global load paths are discussed, highlighting their capability to redistribute stresses and improve tensile, bearing, and buckling performance. Subsequently, computational approaches are analyzed in which fiber orientation is treated as a continuous design variable within a finite element framework. Optimization formulations based on laminate compliance tensors enable systematic stiffness redistribution and demonstrate significant increases in critical buckling load without changes in structural mass. Manufacturing aspects associated with Automated Fiber Placement are addressed, with particular attention to the structural implications of gaps and overlaps generated during tow deposition. Numerical and experimental investigations indicate that resin rich regions associated with gaps reduce in plane stiffness and stability, whereas overlap induced thickness build up enhances bending stiffness and delays buckling. Robotic Automated Fiber Placement is presented as a manufacturing aware framework in which steering limitations, course discretization, and laminate build up are incorporated directly into the definition of fiber trajectories. Fiber paths are described using cubic Bézier splines controlled through a structured manufacturing mesh, ensuring geometric continuity and compatibility with deposition constraints. Finally, a geometric modeling framework implemented in MATLAB is introduced to characterize the local laminate architecture associated with prescribed steered fiber paths. By discretizing a perforated panel with triangular elements and determining the number of tows intersecting each nodal location, the model generates a spatial thickness distribution consistent with theoretical geometric expectations, providing a basis for subsequent structural analyses of stiffness and buckling behavior.
Il presente lavoro fornisce una panoramica dello stato dell’arte sul comportamento dei laminati compositi a rigidezza variabile, sviluppando l’analisi dai concetti classici della teoria dei laminati fino a descrizioni compatibili con i vincoli di produzione di architetture a fibre orientate lungo traiettorie curvilinee. In primo luogo, vengono esaminati i laminati convenzionali con fibre rettilinee e orientazione costante, evidenziando le limitazioni intrinseche associate all’uniformità della direzione delle fibre all’interno di ciascuna lamina, in particolare quando le strutture sono soggette a campi di tensione spazialmente variabili e a fenomeni di instabilità a compressione. Successivamente, viene analizzata la transizione verso configurazioni a fibre curvilinee e a fibre orientate (steered). Si discutono strategie di progetto fisicamente motivate, basate sulle direzioni principali di tensione e sui percorsi globali di carico, mettendo in evidenza la loro capacità di ridistribuire gli sforzi e migliorare le prestazioni a trazione, a rifollamento (bearing) e a instabilità per buckling. In seguito, vengono approfonditi approcci computazionali nei quali l’orientazione delle fibre è trattata come variabile di progetto continua all’interno di un modello agli elementi finiti. Formulazioni di ottimizzazione basate sui tensori di cedevolezza del laminato consentono una ridistribuzione sistematica della rigidezza e dimostrano incrementi significativi del carico critico di buckling a parità di massa strutturale. Sono quindi affrontati gli aspetti produttivi associati all’Automated Fiber Placement, con particolare attenzione alle implicazioni strutturali di gap e overlap generati durante la deposizione dei nastri unidirezionali. Indagini numeriche e sperimentali indicano che le regioni ricche di resina associate ai gap riducono la rigidezza nel piano e la stabilità, mentre gli aumenti locali di spessore dovuti agli overlap incrementano la rigidezza flessionale e ritardano l’instabilità. Il Robotic Automated Fiber Placement è presentato come un approccio orientato alla produzione, nel quale le limitazioni di sterzatura, la discretizzazione dei corsi e la stratificazione del laminato sono incorporate direttamente nella definizione delle traiettorie delle fibre. Le traiettorie sono descritte mediante spline cubiche di Bézier, controllate attraverso una mesh strutturata di produzione, garantendo continuità geometrica e compatibilità con i vincoli di deposizione. Infine, viene introdotto un modello geometrico implementato in MATLAB per caratterizzare l’architettura locale del laminato associata a traiettorie di fibre orientate prescritte. Mediante la discretizzazione di un pannello forato in elementi triangolari e la determinazione del numero di nastri unidirezionali intercettati in corrispondenza di ciascun nodo, il modello genera una distribuzione spaziale di spessore coerente con le previsioni geometriche teoriche, fornendo una base per successive analisi strutturali della rigidezza e del comportamento a buckling.
A review of modeling of variable stiffness laminates
MAGNO, RACHELE
2024/2025
Abstract
The present work provides an overview of the state-of-the-art regarding the behavior of variable stiffness composite laminates by progressively moving from classical laminate concepts toward manufacturing compatible descriptions of steered fiber architectures. Conventional laminates with straight and constant fiber orientations are first considered, emphasizing the intrinsic limitations associated with uniform fiber direction within each ply when structures are subjected to spatially varying stress fields and compressive instability phenomena. The transition toward curvilinear and steered fiber configurations is then examined. Physically motivated design strategies based on principal stress directions and global load paths are discussed, highlighting their capability to redistribute stresses and improve tensile, bearing, and buckling performance. Subsequently, computational approaches are analyzed in which fiber orientation is treated as a continuous design variable within a finite element framework. Optimization formulations based on laminate compliance tensors enable systematic stiffness redistribution and demonstrate significant increases in critical buckling load without changes in structural mass. Manufacturing aspects associated with Automated Fiber Placement are addressed, with particular attention to the structural implications of gaps and overlaps generated during tow deposition. Numerical and experimental investigations indicate that resin rich regions associated with gaps reduce in plane stiffness and stability, whereas overlap induced thickness build up enhances bending stiffness and delays buckling. Robotic Automated Fiber Placement is presented as a manufacturing aware framework in which steering limitations, course discretization, and laminate build up are incorporated directly into the definition of fiber trajectories. Fiber paths are described using cubic Bézier splines controlled through a structured manufacturing mesh, ensuring geometric continuity and compatibility with deposition constraints. Finally, a geometric modeling framework implemented in MATLAB is introduced to characterize the local laminate architecture associated with prescribed steered fiber paths. By discretizing a perforated panel with triangular elements and determining the number of tows intersecting each nodal location, the model generates a spatial thickness distribution consistent with theoretical geometric expectations, providing a basis for subsequent structural analyses of stiffness and buckling behavior.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10589/250517